Model Pembangunan Rendah Karbon di Kawasan Mangrove Pesisir Barat Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Abstract

Indonesia berkomitmen untuk mengurangi emisi karbon salah satunya melalui platform pembangunan rendah karbon (PRK). Salah satu prioritas dalam PRK adalah rendah karbon pesisir dan laut. Ekosistem mangrove termasuk dalam ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki penyimpanan karbon yang tinggi sehingga dapat mendukung pembangunan tersebut. Namun, ekosistem mangrove mengalami degradasi akibat kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat, salah satunya pertambangan timah di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Pertambangan timah ini dapat menyebabkan degradasi mangrove yang berdampak terhadap penurunan hasil perikanan tangkap dan penurunan stok karbon. Pendekatan sistem sosial ekologi diperlukan karena kompleksitas ekosistem mangrove, yang membutuhkan analisis komprehensif tentang interaksi ekologi dan sosial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi sosial ekologi mangrove dan menyusun model PRK di Kawasan Mangrove Pesisir Barat Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2023 sampai dengan Juni 2024 di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Rambat Menduyung Desa Belo Laut dan Kawasan Hutan Konservasi TWA Jering Menduyung Desa Air Menduyung Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Kondisi sosial ekologi kawasan mangrove dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Perhitungan nilai ekonomi sumberdaya mangrove menggunakan valuasi ekonomi harga pasar tangkapan biota air dan nilai ekonomi karbon, analisis pendapatan budidaya kerang darah, dan benefit transfer nilai karbon. Penyusunan model PRK menggunakan analisis interpretative structural modelling (ISM) dengan software Exsimpro. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem mangrove di Kawasan Pesisir Barat Kabupaten Bangka Barat memberikan layanan penyediaan biota air, yaitu kegiatan penangkapan biota air dan budidaya kerang darah yang memberikan nilai ekonomi sebesar Rp70.427.478.990 per tahun. Selain itu, terdapat potensi nilai ekonomi karbon sebesar Rp27.033.562.765 per tahun. Terdapat potensi pengembangan kegiatan ekonomi yang ramah lingkungan lainnya seperti pembibitan mangrove, budidaya kepiting bakau, dan ekowisata mangrove. Pada kawasan ini, mulai terjadi degradasi mangrove akibat kegiatan penambangan timah ilegal dan tambak udang yang belum memiliki instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) di Desa Belo Laut. Hal tersebut mulai menimbulkan dampak terhadap penurunan hasil tangkapan biota air di sekitar kawasan mangrove tersebut. Kegiatan pengawasan telah dilakukan oleh pengelola kawasan dan pemerintah desa namun terbatasnya sumberdaya menyebabkan masih berlangsungnya kegiatan tambang ilegal dan tambak tersebut. Perlunya penindakan tegas serta solusi pengembangan kegiatan ekonomi lainnya agar masyarakat yang menambang dapat shifting ke kegiatan ekonomi yang ramah lingkungan. Model PRK di kawasan ini menekankan peran pengelola kawasan, yaitu Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam (BKSDA Sumsel) dan Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi (UPTD KPHP) Rambat Menduyung untuk meningkatkan perlindungan kawasan serta penguatan penegakan hukum terhadap kegiatan yang merusak kawasan mangrove. Selain itu, keterlibatan Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan dan Penelitian Pengembangan Daerah Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bappeda provinsi) dan Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (DKP provinsi) dapat mengembangkan kegiatan pemanfaatan kawasan mangrove yang ramah lingkungan seperti silvofishery dan ekowisata. Pemerintah perlu terlibat dalam menfasilitasi penyediaan sarana prasarana yang diperlukan, pembiayaan kegiatan, kapasitas kelembagaan masyarakat, dan inovasi teknologi untuk menunjang produktivitas kegiatan. Pemerintah desa dan masyarakat berperan untuk melaksanakan serta mengawasi kegiatan pemanfaatan kawasan mangrove secara berkelanjutan. Selain itu, akademisi dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM) juga dapat berperan sebagai aktor di luar kawasan mangrove.

Indonesia is committed to reducing carbon emissions through the low-carbon development program (LCD). One of the priorities in LCD is low carbon coastal and marine. Mangrove ecosystems are included in coastal ecosystems that have high carbon storage so that they can support development. However, the mangrove ecosystem has been degraded due to community economic activities, one of which is mining in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Tin mining can cause mangrove degradation, which has an impact on decreasing capture fisheries yields and decreasing carbon stocks. A socio-ecological systems approach is necessary due to the complexity of mangrove ecosystems, which requires a comprehensive analysis of ecological and socio-economic interactions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the socio-ecological conditions of mangroves and prepare a LCD model in the West Coast Mangrove Area, West Bangka Regency. The research was conducted from August 2023 to June 2024 in the Rambat Menduyung Protected Forest Area, Belo Laut Village and the TWA Jering Menduyung Conservation Forest Area, Air Menduyung Village, West Bangka Regency. The socio-ecological conditions of mangrove areas were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The calculation of the economic value of mangrove resources uses the economic valuation of the market price of aquatic biota capture and the economic value of carbon, the analysis of blood shellfish cultivation income, and the benefits of carbon value transfer. The preparation of the LCD model uses interpretative structural modelling (ISM) analysis with Exsimpro software. The results of research findings the mangrove ecosystem in the West Coast Area, West Bangka Regency, provides services for the provision of aquatic biota, namely aquatic biota capture activities and blood mussel cultivation, which provides an economic value of IDR 70,427,478,990 per year. In addition, there is a potential carbon economic value of IDR 27,033,562,765 per year. There is the potential for the development of other sustainable economic activities such as mangrove nurseries, mangrove crab cultivation, ecotourism, and processing of mangrove processed products. In this area, mangrove degradation began to occur due to illegal tin mining activities and shrimp ponds that do not have a wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) in Belo Laut Village. This has begun to impact the decline in aquatic biota catches around the mangrove area. Area managers and village governments have carried out supervision activities, but limited resources have caused the illegal mining and shrimp ponds activities to continue. Firm action and solutions are needed to develop other economic activities so that mining communities can shift to sustainable economic activities. The LCD model in this area emphasizes the role of area managers, namely the Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA South Sumatra) and the Regional Technical Implementation Unit of the Production Forest Management Unit (UPTD KPHP) Rambat Menduyung to improve area protection and strengthen law enforcement against activities that damage mangrove areas. In addition, the involvement of the Bangka Belitung Islands Provincial Development Planning and Research Agency (Bappeda province) and the Bangka Belitung Islands Provincial Marine and Fisheries Service (DKP province) can develop sustainable mangrove area utilization activities such as silvofishery and ecotourism. The government needs to be involved in facilitating the provision of necessary infrastructure, financing activities, community institutional capacity, and technological innovation to support the productivity of activities. The village government and the community play a role in implementing and supervising activities for the sustainable use of mangrove areas. In addition, academics and non-government organizations (NGOs) can also play an actor role outside the mangrove area.