Acute Toxicity Of Catappa (Terminalia catappa) Leaves Extract On Brine Shrimp Larva And Zebrafish Embryo

Abstract

Catappa or ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaves are known to be rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Usually it has traditionally been used in herbal medicine and aquaculture due to its therapeutic properties. Other than their benefits, the potential toxicity of catappa leaves to aquatic animals is not fully understood yet. This study is aimed to determine the acute toxicity of catappa leaves extract using the median lethal concentration (LC50) on brine shrimp larva and zebrafish (danio rerio) embryos. The Artemia salina larva were used for brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and the zebrafish embryos were used for zebrafish embryos acute toxicity test (ZFET) method with 0, 10, 100, 1000 ppm concentration of catappa leaves ethanol extract, in 10 larva/embryo per 2 mL extract (duplo). Additionally, 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 ppm of concentration were used to evaluate hatching rate and abnormality in zebrafish embryos, 1 embryo per well (96-well plates) containing 250 µL egg water. The BSLT result showed an LC50 of 273.62 ppm, considered a moderately toxic to brine shrimp larva. For ZFET, the LC50 was 1890.58 ppm, which means it is low toxic to zebrafish embryos. The result also showed the different extract concentrations showed the different hatching rate and abnormality, up to 300 ppm the hatching rate was still 100% with 5% of abnormalities. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of catappa leaves is considered moderate toxicity to brine shrimp larva and low toxicity to zebrafish embryos.

Daun ketapang (Terminalia catappa) diketahui memiliki senyawa bioaktif, seperti polifenol, tanin, dan flavonoid. Daun ketapang secara tradisional telah digunakan dalam pengobatan herbal dan budidaya perairan. Potensi toksisitas daun ketapang terhadap perkembangan hewan air belum sepenuhnya dipahami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui toksisitas akut ekstrak daun ketapang berdasarkan median lethal konsentrasi (LC50) pada larva udang dan embrio ikan zebra (danio rerio). Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) menggunakan larva Artemia salina dan zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test (ZFET) menggunakan embrio ikan zebra dengan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun ketapang 0, 10, 100, 1000 ppm untuk menghitung LC50, 10 larva atau embrio/sumur (2 mL), dilakukan duplo. Selanjutnya, konsentrasi ekstrak daun ketapang 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 ppm digunakan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat penetasan (hatching rate) dan abnormalitas, 1 embrio/sumur (96-well plates) (250 µL). Uji BSLT menghasilkan LC50 sebesar 273,62 ppm, yang menunjukkan tingkat toksisitas sedang pada larva udang, sedangkan uji ZFET menghasilkan LC50 sebesar 1890,58 ppm, yang berarti relatif tidak toksisitas pada embrio ikan zebra. Perbedaan konsentrasi ekstrak menunjukkan perbedaan tingkat penetasan dan abnormalitas, hingga konsentrasi 300 ppm tingkat penetasan masih 100% dengan abnormalitas 5%. Sebagai kesimpulan, ekstrak etanol daun ketapang memiliki toksisitas sedang pada larva udang dan relatif tidak toksik pada embrio ikan zebra.