Kinerja Budidaya Kepiting Soka Sistem Apartemen Berbasis Benih Alam dengan Berbagai Lama Penampungan Pratransportasi

Abstract

Di Indonesia, budidaya kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) masih mengandalkan benih hasil tangkapan dari alam (fisheries-based aquaculture). Kepiting tersebut umumnya ditampung selama beberapa hari oleh pengumpul sebelum ditransportasikan secara kering, dengan kaki jalan dan capitnya diikat. Penampungan dan transportasi tersebut menyebabkan perubahan fisiologi insang dan stres pada kepiting. Kepiting bakau pada sistem apartemen dipelihara secara individual dalam setiap boks yang disusun bertingkat dan dilengkapi dengan recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) untuk produksi kepiting soka. Saat ini, informasi komprehensif terkait dampak lama penampungan kepiting bakau terhadap kinerja budidaya kepiting soka sistem apartemen belum ada. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja teknis dan potensi ekonomis budidaya kepiting soka sistem apartemen berbasis benih alam dengan berbagai lama penampungan pratransportasi. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari tiga perlakuan yakni penampungan selama 1, 3, dan 5 hari, dan setiap perlakuan diulang empat kali. Tahapan penelitian terdiri dari penangkapan, penampungan (1, 3, dan 5 hari), transportasi, dan pemeliharaan kepiting bakau dalam sistem apartemen RAS. Lokasi penangkapan dan penampungan kepiting bakau di sekitar Kecamatan Muara Gembong, Kabupaten Bekasi, Jawa Barat. Kepiting bakau ditampung dalam keranjang (48 × 35,5 × 16,5 cm) dengan lama waktu sesuai perlakuan, kemudian diangkut ke lokasi budidaya di IPB Fisheries and Marine Observation Station (IFMOS) FPIK IPB Ancol, Jakarta Utara, DKI Jakarta. Kepiting bakau diaklimatisasi selama satu jam sebelum dimasukkan ke boks pemeliharaan untuk dievaluasi kinerja teknisnya selama 14 hari, dan dihitung potensi kinerja ekonomisnya. Data parameter kinerja teknis dianalisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan selang kepercayaan 95%. Jika hasil analisis menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (P<0,05), analisis dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Data parameter fisika-kimia air, glukosa hemolim, dan potensi kinerja ekonomis dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan penyajian tabel dan gambar. Data histologi insang disajikan dalam bentuk gambar. Data dianlisis dengan perangkat lunak Microsoft Excel 2019 dan SPSS versi 26.0. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH) kepiting bakau terbaik terjadi pada penampungan selama satu hari, yakni sebesar 87,50±9,57%, serta terjadi penurunan bobot pada semua perlakuan. Insang kepiting bakau sebelum dan sesudah ditampung menunjukkan tidak ada yang sehat. Insang kepiting bakau yang baru ditangkap dari alam menunjukkan kutikula yang sudah mulai rusak (bergelombang), serta paling parah pada penampungan lima hari, yang ditunjukkan oleh pecahnya kutikula. Kinerja teknis terbaik selama pemeliharaan dalam boks apartemen diperoleh pada penggunaan benih kepiting bakau yang ditampung satu hari, dengan TKH 95,00±5,77%, pertambahan bobot 7,18±0,77 g, dan rasio konversi pakan (RKP) 15,85±0,65. Kadar glukosa hemolim kepiting bakau selama penelitian berkisar antara 33,13 mg/dL – 56,44 mg/dL pada semua perlakuan, dan pada penampungan lima hari mengalami penurunan dari awal penangkapan sampai akhir pemeliharaan di sistem apartemen, sedangkan pada penampungan satu hari dan tiga hari cenderung berfluktuasi. Budidaya kepiting bakau dalam boks apartemen untuk produksi kepiting soka bila menggunakan benih dengan penampungan satu hari akan memberi potensi keuntungan sebesar Rp 94.982.025,06 per tahun; R/C rasio 1,27; dan payback period 4,71 tahun, dan lebih layak dibandingkan dengan yang ditampung selama tiga atau lima hari. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penampungan kepiting bakau 1 hari pratransportasi memberikan kinerja teknis dan potensi ekonomis budidaya kepiting soka sistem apartemen yang lebih baik.

In Indonesia, the farming of mud crab (Scylla serrata) still relies on wild caught seed stock (fisheries-based aquaculture). These crabs are typically held for several days by collectors before being transported dry, with their legs and claws tied. Such holding and transportation processes induce physiological changes in gills and stress in the crabs. Mud crabs in apartment systems are individually reared in tiered boxes equipped with a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for soft shell crab production. Currently, there is almost no comprehensive information regarding the impact of mangrove crab pre-transport holding duration on the performance of apartment system soft shell crab farming. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the performance of soft-shell crab farming in apartment systems using wild-caught seed stock, considering various durations of pre-transport holding. The design employed in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three treatments: holding for 1, 3, and 5 days, with each treatment replicated four times. The research stages included crab capture, holding (1, 3, and 5 days), transportation, and the maintenance of mud crabs in the RAS apartment system. The capture and holding of mud crabs were conducted around the Muara Gembong Subdistrict, Bekasi Regency, West Java. Mud crabs were held in baskets (48 × 35.5 × 16.5 cm) for the designated duration according to the treatment, then transported to the farming site at the IPB Fisheries and Marine Observation Station (IFMOS) FPIK IPB Ancol, North Jakarta, DKI Jakarta. The crabs were acclimatized for one hour before being placed into the rearing boxes for technical performance evaluation over 14 days, and their potential economic performance was assessed. Data on technical performance parameters were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence interval. Duncan's test was performed if the analysis results indicated significant differences (P <0.05). Data on water physicochemical parameters, hemolymph glucose, and potential economic performance were analyzed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The histological gill data are presented in the form of images. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS version 26.0 software. The highest survival rate (SR) of mud crabs during holding was occurred with a one-day holding period, at 87.50±9.57%, while weight loss was observed in all treatments. The gills of mud crabs before and after holding showed no signs of health. Gills of newly captured mud crabs exhibited slightly damaged (wavy) cuticles, with the most severe damage observed in the five-day holding treatment, evidenced by cuticle rupture. The best technical performance during maintenance in apartment boxes was achieved using mud crab seed stock with held for one day, with an SR of 95.00±5.77%, weight change of 7.18±0.77 g, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 15.85±0.65. Hemolymph glucose levels of mud crabs ranged from 33.13 mg/dL to 56.44 mg/dL across all treatments, decreasing from initial capture to the end of maintenance in the apartment system for the five-day holding treatment while tending to fluctuate in the one-day and three-day holding treatments. Farming mud crabs in apartment boxes for soft-shell crab production using seed stock with stored for one day could potentially yield profits of Rp 94,982,025.06 per year, with an R/C ratio of 1.27 and a payback period of 4.71 years, making it more economically feasible compared to seed stock held for three or five days. From this research it can be concluded that 1 day pre-transportation of storage of mud crabs provides better technical performance and economic potential for soft shell crabs farming in the apartment system.