Model Spasial Desa Membangun Berbasis Jaringan Jalan dan Penggunaan Lahan di Kabupaten Brebes

Abstract

Brebes is a rural district dominated by agricultural areas. The area of Brebes Regency is 1,769.62 km2 consisting of 292 villages and 17 sub-districts. Brebes Regency is in the northern region of Central Java Province, borders West Java, and is traversed by the Pantura National Road and the Trans-Java toll road. Geographically, the location of Brebes Regency is strategic so that infrastructure development is expected to optimize geographical advantages and encourage socio-economic development. However, in fact the gross regional domestic product (GRDP) per capita in Brebes in 2022 is IDR 17.61 million lower than the average GRDP per capita in the former Pekalongan Residency districts (consisting of five districts namely Pekalongan, Tegal, Pemalang, Batang, and Brebes) amounting to IDR 22.02 million. The Human Development Index of Brebes is 67.03, the lowest in Central Java, and the poverty rate in 2022 is 16.05%, the third highest in Central Java. Another indicator in assessing the development of Brebes, according to its characteristics which are dominated by rural areas, is the Village Development Index (IDM). IDM is a village development assessment index compiled by the Ministry of Villages, Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration. IDM is a com-posite index that assesses social resilience, economic resilience and environmental resilience. Brebes' IDM in 2022 is 0.6850 or on average they have developing village status. The value is below the Central Java’s IDM average (0.7118) and below the IDM average of the former Pekalongan Residency districts (0.6913). To overcome backwardness, it is necessary to study the spatial aspects of rural areas in Brebes Regency so that rural development can be in harmony with the spatial factors that most influence each village. The main objective of this research is to create modeling based on spatial factors in the form of road networks and land use on the level of village development in Brebes Regency. The method used is road network analysis and land use analysis, as well as regression analysis to determine the influence of the road network and land use on the IDM of Brebes Regency. The selected road network analysis is an analysis of road connectivity (alpha and beta indices), road density, and shortest route, while the land use analysis selected is an analysis of built-up land, regional compactness, and land use diversity. Both analyzes produce quantitative data which is used as an independent variable to assess village development based on IDM as the dependent variable. Correlation between variables was analyzed through geographically weighted regression (GWR) which was preceded by ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis accompanied by a com-parison of the two. The first stage of road network analysis produces an alpha index, beta index, and road network density level. The alpha index value in Brebes is in the range 0.370-0.856 with an average value of 0.455. This figure is still lower than the perfect score (α=1), which means that the road network in Brebes within the village area is not fully connected well. Meanwhile, the beta index value in Brebes is in the interval 1.682-1.944 with an average value of 1.792. This figure means that the road network in Brebes is considered complex because it has a value of more than 1 even though it is still below 3. From the results of calculating the ratio of road length and village area, it is known that the concentration of high road density in Brebes is at three points, namely around local activity centers (PKL) Ketanggungan, PKL Brebes, and PKL Bumiayu. The level of road density in Brebes is in the range 0.447-20.611 and the average value is 3.438, which means that in 1 hectare of area there are 3.438 kilometers of roads. The next analysis of the road network is deter-mining the shortest route between villages and toll gates, local activity centers and sub-district cities. The results of the shortest route analysis show that the Toll Gate (GT) of Pejagan has the most reachable because it has the shortest route to 9 sub-districts. Meanwhile, PKL who have the most affordability are PKL Ketanggungan-Kersana in 8 sub-districts. The shortest route between villages to the sub-district city is measured within the sub-district area of each village. Land use analysis is preceded by land use mapping with guided classification using the random forest method. The results of this mapping are the basis for analy-zing the level of built-up land, regional compactness and diversity of land use. The value of the level of rural built land in Brebes is in the interval 0.196-26.832 with an average value of 7.050. This indicates that the Brebes rural area is generally domi-nated by vegetation areas (agricultural and non-agricultural land) and residential land is only around 7% of the total rural area. The compactness value of rural residential areas in Brebes is in the interval 0.314-0.936 with an average value of 0.706, which means that the Brebes rural area in general has a settlement area that is not very compact because it is close to 1. Meanwhile, the value of the level of land use diver-sity in Brebes is in the interval 0.117-0.936 with an average value of 0.510 which shows that the diversity of land use in the Brebes rural area is relatively balanced. OLS analysis produces an R2 value of 0.556, which means that the ability of the independent variable to influence the dependent variable is 55.6%. The function to produce optimal bandwidth uses the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) indi-cator as a basis for comparison with OLS analysis. The R2 value of GWR results is in the range 51.55% -97.39%. From the comparison of R2 and AIC between GWR and OLS, it is concluded that the results of the GWR analysis are the best regression models in explaining the research variables. The GWR results show that the variable that has an influence in all villages is the beta index, followed by the alpha index which has an influence in 249 villages (85.3% of the number of villages), and regional compactness in 170 villages (58.2%). The next variable is the proximity to the toll gate which has an influence in 161 villages (55.1%) and the proximity to local activity centers in 95 villages (32.5%). Directions for building, repairing and/or increasing road capacity as well as structuring land use in Brebes Regency, especially in rural areas, are expected to pay attention to the road network and land use. Road network development needs to consider accessibility to toll roads and connectivity/accessibility of road networks within villages or between villages, especially for villages that are far from the reach of growth centers. The land use arrangement of each village needs to consider regional compactness because agricultural villages which also have very large areas require better road connectivity/accessibility and construction or increase in road capacity.