Multi Konektivitas Sistem Sosial-Ekologi (SES) Perikanan Lobster (Studi Kasus: Pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta)

Abstract

Pantai Ngrenehan, Pantai Baron, dan Pantai Drini termasuk bagian dari pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul, yang secara spasial terletak di bagian utara Samudra Hindia dan termasuk kedalam wilayah pengelolaan perikanan negara republik Indonesia (WPPNRI) 573. Ketiga pantai ini memiliki kecenderungan karakteristik perikanan lobster yang berbeda, baik dari segi kondisi ataupun aktivitas penangkapannya sehingga perlu adanya kajian mendalam terkait konektivitas sistem sosial-ekologi (SES). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu (1) memetakan multi interaksi dan konektivitas SES serta pemodelan DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) perikanan lobster (Panulirus spp.) di pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul; (2) menentukan angka acuan perikanan (fisheries references point) lobster batu (Panulirus penicillatus) sebagai spesies yang dominan tertangkap di pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul; (3) merumuskan strategi taktis pengelolaan perikanan lobster yang lestari di pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan November 2022 hingga Februari 2023 di pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul, yang meliputi tiga lokasi pendaratan lobster yaitu Pantai Ngrenehan, Pantai Baron, dan Pantai Drini. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer yaitu data biologi dan sosial-ekonomi serta data sekunder. Metode yang digunakan adalah Social-Ecological Network Analysis (SENA) dengan tools R studio, Cytoscape versi 3.9.1, dan RAWGraphs.io serta untuk mengestimasi parameter biologi lobster dengan bantuan FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT II). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 94 variabel (nodes) dan 216 hubungan (edges) pada model jejaring dasar multi SES perikanan lobster di pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Variabel kunci yang paling mempengaruhi SES lobster di pesisir Kabupaten Gunungkidul adalah stok lobster, musim penangkapan (MusPeng), dan aktivitas penangkapan (AkPen), yang menjadi inti dari jejaring (the core of network) multi konektivitas SES perikanan lobster. Hasil analisis butterfly model menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk dan adanya pemenuhan kebutuhan ekonomi menjadi faktor pemicu utama nelayan lobster Gunungkidul melakukan aktivitas penangkapan secara aktif. Hasil estimasi status perikanan lobster berdasarkan nilai rasio potensi pemijahan (SPR) diketahui berada pada kondisi fully-exploited (sumberdaya lobster telah dimanfaatkan secara penuh) dengan nilai sebesar 23% (berada diatas nilai limit references point yaitu 20%). Adapun angka acuan biologi yang diperoleh berdasarkan nilai jumlah tangkapan yang diperbolehkan secara biologis (ABC2022) diketahui sebesar 10205,5934 Kg per tahun. Nilai upaya penangkapan yang diperbolehkan secara biologis (ABE2022) sebanyak 20.628 trip per tahun dan yang menjadi angka acuan secara ekonomi yaitu nilai harga jual lobster sebesar Rp 280.000 per Kg untuk meningkatkan RPUE nelayan lobster. Strategi taktis pengelolaan perikanan lobster berdasarkan hasil kajian yang diperoleh dapat dilakukan melalui pengendalian kondisi stok dengan cara open-closed season (Oktober–Desember), pengurangan upaya penangkapan (effort), menyepakati bahwa ukuran panjang karapas lobster yang hanya boleh ditangkap di perairan pesisir Gunungkidul berada pada kisaran 91,5–121,5 mm, penguatan penegakkan hukum PERMEN KP Nomor 16 Taun 2022 tentang pengelolaan lobster, kepiting, dan rajungan dan mempertahankan kesepakatan bersama (MoU) 12 Oktober 2022. Selain itu, nelayan disarankan melakukan aktivitas penangkapan saat musim puncak lobster tiba (November–Desember) untuk meminimalisir biaya operasional yang dikeluarkan, mengefektifkan waktu melaut (banyak trip) nelayan dengan memperhatikan faktor cuaca, iklim, dan musim melalui aplikasi Nelayan Pintar (NelPin) atau IndoBMKG, serta adanya penetapan kebijakan harga dasar penjualan lobster (per Kg) (kebijakan floor price). Sinergitas antara RS, RU, RA, dan RG seperti kerjasama, koordinasi, komitmen, dan pengawasan serta evaluasi sangat penting dilakukan agar tercipta pengelolaan perikanan yang optimal dan berkelanjutan.

Ngrenehan Beach, Baron Beach, and Drini Beach are part of the coast of Gunungkidul Regency, which is spatially located in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and is included in State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (WPPNRI) 573. These three beaches have different characteristics of lobster fisheries, both in terms of conditions and fishing activities, so there needs to be an in-depth study related to social-ecological system (SES) connectivity. The objectives of this study are (1) mapping multi interaction and connectivity of SES as well as DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) modeling of lobster fisheries (Panulirus spp.) on the Coast of Gunungkidul Regency; (2) determine the fisheries reference point of Pronghorn spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) as the dominant species caught on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency; (3) formulate tactical decisions for sustainable lobster fisheries management on the Coast of Gunungkidul Regency. The study was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023, which includes three lobster landing sites, namely Ngrenehan Beach, Baron Beach, and Drini Beach. The type of data used is primary data, that are biological, social-economic data, and secondary data. The method used is social-ecological network analysis (SENA) with R studio tools, Cytoscape version 3.9.1, and RAWGraphs.io as well as to estimate lobster biological parameters using FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT II). The results showed that there are 94 nodes and 216 edges (relationships) in the basic network model of multi SES lobster fisheries on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency. The key variables (nodes) that most affect SES lobster on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency are Pronghorn spiny lobster, fishing season (MusPeng), and fishing activity (AkPen), which is the core of the multi connectivity network of SES lobster fisheries. The results of the butterfly model analysis show that population growth and the fulfillment of economic needs are the driving factors for Gunungkidul lobster fishermen to carry out active fishing activities. The results of estimating the status of lobster fisheries (Panulirus penicillatus) based on the value of the spawning potential ratio (SPR) are known to be in a fully-exploited condition (lobster resources have been fully utilized) with a value of 23% (above the limit reference point value of 20%). The biological reference point obtained based on the value of the number of allowable biological catch (ABC2022) is known to be 10205,5934 Kg per year. The value of llowable biological effort (ABE2022) is 20,628 trips per year and the economic reference point is the floor price of lobster of Rp 280.000 per Kg to increase RPUE of lobster fishermen. Tactical strategies for lobster fisheries management based on the results of the studies obtained can be carried out through controlling stock conditions by means of open-closed season (October–December), reducing fishing efforts, agreeing the length of lobster carapace that can only be caught in coastal waters of Gunungkidul is in the range of 91,5–121,5 mm, determining the level of selectivity of fishing gear using a minimum net size of 2,5 inches. It is necessary to strengthen law enforcement of Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 16 of 2022 concerning the management of Panurilus spp., Scylla spp., also Portunus spp. and defend the MoU of October 12, 2022. In addition, fishermen are advised to carried out fishing activities when the peak lobster season arrives (about November–December) to minimize operational costs incurred, streamline fishermen's fishing time (trips) by paying attention to weather, climate, and season factors through the Nelayan Pintar (NelPin) application or IndoBMKG, as well as setting a policy on the floor price of lobster sales (per Kg). Synergy between RS, RU, RA, and RG such as cooperation, coordination, commitment, and supervision and evaluation are important to create optimal and sustainable fisheries management.