Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Ikan Pelagis Kecil dan Demersal pada Perikanan Skala Kecil di Teluk Palabuhanratu dan Selatan Banten.

Abstract

Teluk Palabuhanratu dan perairan Selatan Banten merupakan bagian dari Samudera Hindia dan Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia (WPPNRI) 573. Sebagian besar kegiatan perikanan tangkap di perairan ini tergolong dalam kategori perikanan skala kecil. Sumber daya ikan yang dominan ditangkap oleh nelayan skala kecil di kedua perairan tersebut meliputi ikan pelagis kecil seperti ikan layang (Decapterus macarellus), dan ikan kembung lelaki (Rastrelliger kanagurta), dan ikan demersal seperti ikan kuniran (Upeneus vittatus), dan ikan kurisi (Nemipterus japonicus). Kondisi perikanan di perairan tersebut saat ini tengah menghadapi permasalahan seperti overfishing, penurunan hasil tangkapan, dan kemiskinan nelayan skala kecil. Tata kelola perikanan skala kecil di Sukabumi dan Lebak memegang peranan penting atas permasalahan perikanan tersebut. Tata kelola perikanan skala kecil di Sukabumi dan Lebak belum efektif dan belum sepenuhnya menjalankan prinsip tata kelola yang baik (good governance). Tujuan yang hendak dicapai pada penelitian ini yaitu 1) menganalisis kondisi perikanan skala kecil di Teluk Palabuhanratu dan Selatan Banten, 2) menganalisis kualitas tata kelola perikanan skala kecil di Teluk Palabuhanratu dan Selatan Banten, serta 3) merumuskan strategi pengelolaan perikanan skala kecil di Teluk Palabuhanratu dan Selatan Banten. Penelitian ini dilakukan di tiga lokasi pendaratan ikan antara lain PPN Palabuhanratu, PPI Ciwaru, Kabupaten Sukabumi, Jawa Barat dan PPI Binuangeun, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Jenis ikan yang menjadi contoh terdiri atas ikan kuniran (Upeneus vittatus), ikan kurisi (Nemipterus japonicus) ikan layang (Decapterus macarellus), dan ikan kembung lelaki (Rastrelliger kanagurta). Contoh ikan diambil setiap bulan pada bulan Juli hingga Desember 2022. Pengamatan terhadap contoh ikan meliputi pengukuran panjang, bobot dan tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG). Data hasil wawancara diperoleh dari responden nelayan, Dinas Perikanan Kabupaten Sukabumi dan Lebak, dan pihak pelabuhan PPN Palabuhanratu dan PPI Binuangeun. Tujuan penelitian yang pertama dicapai dengan melakukan analisis hubungan panjang-bobot, faktor kondisi, ukuran kali pertama tertangkap, ukuran kali pertama matang gonad proporsi 50% dan 95%, parameter pertumbuhan, mortalitas, laju eksploitasi, potensi rasio pemijahan berbasis panjang (LBSPR). Kualitas tata kelola perikanan dianalisis menggunakan analisis multi kriteria. Penyusunan rekomendasi pengelolaan dianalisis dengan Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM). Sebanyak 3.874 ekor ikan contoh diamati yang meliputi ikan layang sebanyak 1.000 ekor, ikan kembung lelaki 1.049 ekor, ikan kuniran 874 ekor, dan ikan kurisi 951 ekor. Hasil analisis hubungan panjang-bobot untuk ikan kurisi diperoleh persamaan W=0,000044.L2,884, W=0,000011.L3,11 untuk ikan kuniran, W=0,0000059.L3,136 untuk ikan layang, dan W=0,0000075.L3,125 untuk kembung lelaki. Pola pertumbuhan ikan kuniran, layang dan kembung lelaki adalah allometrik positif, sedangkan ikan kurisi adalah allometrik negatif. Hasil analisis faktor kondisi, untuk ikan layang berkisar 0,99-1,06, untuk kembung lelaki berkisar 0,91-1,06, untuk ikan kurisi berkisar 0,81-1,07, dan ikan kuniran berada pada kisaran 0,82-1,11. Persentase kematangan gonad TKG III-V ikan kembung lelaki, berkisar antara 9-75%. TKG III-V ikan layang berkisar antara 36-96%, ikan kurisi berkisar antara 17-58%, kemudian ikan kuniran berkisar antara 13-79%. Ukuran kali pertama matang gonad (L50) keempat spesies lebih tinggi dibandingkan ukuran kali pertama tertangkap (Lc). Persamaan parameter ikan kembung lelaki Lt=267,5(1-e-(0,51(t+0,175)), ikan layang Lt=356,5(1-e-(0,75(t+0,1084)), ikan kurisi Lt=275(1-e-(0,32(t+0,282)) dan ikan kuniran Lt=258(1-e-(0,37(t+0,246)). Berdasarkan analisis mortalitas diperoleh bahwa keempat spesies memiliki nilai mortalitas alami yang lebih rendah dibandingkan mortalitas penangkapan (F>M), serta nilai laju eksploitasi melebihi 0,5. Hasil analisis LBSPR menunjukkan bahwa ikan kembung lelaki, ikan layang dan ikan kurisi memiliki nilai kurang dari 20% sehingga tergolong overexploited, sedangkan ikan kuniran memiliki nilai 10% sehinggal digolongkan fully exploited. Kualitas tata kelola menunjukkan bahwa tata kelola perikanan skala kecil di Teluk Palabuhanratu dan Selatan Banten tergolong kurang efektif. Dimensi partisipasi dan dimensi legitimasi pada tata kelola sudah berada pada kategori efektif. Namun dimensi transparansi dan akuntabilitas tata kelola perikanan tergolong kurang efektif. Berdasarkan analisis ISM, tujuan utama pengelolaan perikanan skala kecil di Kabupaten Sukabumi dan Lebak harus memprioritaskan tujuan kelestarian stok ikan dan tujuan tata kelola yang efektif. Elemen aktor nelayan, beserta Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi beserta Kabupaten dan pihak tengkulak memiliki peran signifikan dalam pengelolaan perikanan. Program yang dapat diusulkan untuk mencapai perikanan yang lestari antara lain menetapkan mesh size minimum dan ukuran ikan minimum untuk ikan yang ditangkap, meningkatkan partisipasi nelayan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penyediaan alternatif mata pencaharian bagi nelayan.

The Palabuhanratu Bay and Waters of Southern Banten, are part of the Indian Ocean and located at the Republic of Indonesia's State Fisheries Management Area (WPPNRI) 573. The majority of fishing activities in these waters are categorized as small-scale fisheries. Currently, the fisheries in these waters face overfishing, declining catches, and poverty among small-scale fishermen. The governance of small-scale fisheries in Sukabumi and Lebak is crucial in addressing these fisheries-related problems. This indicates that the governance of small-scale fisheries is not yet effective and must fully adhere to good governance principles. The objectives of this research were 1) to analyze the conditions of small-scale fisheries in the Palabuhanratu Bay and Southern Banten waters, 2) to assess the quality of governance in small-scale fisheries in the waters of Palabuhanratu Bay and Southern Banten waters, and 3) to formulate strategies for the management of small-scale fisheries in the Palabuhanratu Bay and Southern Banten waters. This study was conducted at three fish landing locations: Palabuhanratu Fish Landing Port, Ciwaru Fish Landing Port in Sukabumi Regency, West Java, and Binuangeun Fish Landing Port in Lebak Regency, Banten. The selected fish species for analysis included the Yellow-striped goatfish (Upeneus vittatus), Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus), mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus), and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta). Fish samples were collected monthly from July to December 2022. Observations on the fish samples included measurements of length, weight, and gonad maturity level. Data from questionnaires and interviews were collected from fishermen respondents, the Fisheries Agency of Sukabumi and Lebak Regencies, officials at the Palabuhanratu Fish Landing Port, Binuangeun Fish Landing Port and a fisheries expert. The first objective was analyzed by length-weight relationships, condition factors, first-time maturation size of 50% and 95%, gonad maturation level, growth parameters, mortality, exploitation rate, and length-based spawning potential ratio (LBSPR). The analysis of fisheries governance was conducted using multi-criteria analysis. The Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) method was employed to determine management recommendations. Three thousand eight hundred seventy-four fish samples were observed, including 1.000 mackerel scads, 1.049 Indian mackerels, 874 Yellow-striped goatfish, and 951 Japanese threadfin breams. The length-weight relationship analysis resulted in equations W=0.000044L2.884 for the Japanese threadfin bream, W=0.000011L3.11 for the Yellow-striped goatfish, W=0.0000059L3.136 for the mackerel scad, and W=0.0000075L3.125 for the Indian mackerel. The growth patterns of the Yellow-striped goatfish, Indian mackerel, and mackerel scad were positively allometric, while the Japanese threadfin bream showed a negatively allometric pattern. The condition factor analysis indicated that the mackerel scad ranged from 0.99 to 1.06, Indian mackerel ranged from 0.91 to 1.06, Yellow-striped goatfish ranged from 0.81 to 1.07, and Japanese threadfin bream ranged from 0.82 to 1.11. The gonad maturity stage percentages (TKG III-V) for Indian mackerel ranged from 9% to 75%, for mackerel scad ranged from 36% to 96%, for Japanese threadfin bream ranged from 17% to 58%, and for Yellow-striped goatfish ranged from 13% to 79%. The first gonad maturation size at the 50% proportion (L50) for all species was higher than the first capture size (Lc). The growth parameter equations for the four species were as follows: Indian mackerel Lt =267.5(1-e-(0.51(t+0.175)), mackerel scad Lt = 356.5(1-e-(0.75(t+0.1084)), Japanese threadfin beam Lt =275(1-e-(0.32(t+0.282)), and Yellow-striped goatfish Lt = 258(1-e-(0.37(t+0.246)). Mortality analysis revealed that all four species had lower natural mortality values than fishing mortality (F>M), and the exploitation rate exceeded 0.5. The LBSPR analysis showed that Indian mackerel, mackerel scad, and Japanese threadfin beam had less than 20%, categorizing them as overexploited, while Yellow-striped goatfish was considered fully exploited. The analysis of governance performance revealed that the governance of small-scale fisheries in Palabuhanratu and southern Banten were relatively ineffective. Participation and legitimacy dimensions were already categorized as effective, but transparency and accountability dimensions of fisheries governance were considered ineffective. Based on the ISM analysis, the primary goals for managing small-scale fisheries in Palabuhanratu and Southern Banten should be prioritizing sustainable fish stock objectives and effective governance. Fishermen, the Maritime and Fisheries Agency, and the wholesalers, play crucial roles in fisheries management. Proposed programs to achieve sustainable fisheries include setting minimum mesh sizes and minimum size limits for captured fish, increasing fishermen's participation in decision-making, and providing alternative livelihoods for fishermen.