Analisis Alokasi Pengeluaran, Asupan Gizi, dan Pola Konsumsi Pangan di Provinsi Jawa Timur Sebelum dan Selama Pandemi Covid-19

Abstract

Pandemi Covid-19 secara langsung berdampak pada reaksi sosial manusia karena dapat memengaruhi kesehatan, keamanan finansial, kualitas hidup, dan ketahanan pangan (LeMay 2020). Data Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur (2020) mengungkapkan jumlah penduduk miskin mengalami kenaikan sebagai dampak tingginya angka pengangguran di Indonesia disebabkan oleh melonjaknya Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) dimasa pandemi Covid-19 (Randi 2020). Penelitian mengenai perubahan sebelum dan pada masa Covid-19 pada permasalahan pangan dan gizi menurut kelompok pendapatan wilayah kota dan desa merupakan startegi dan langka awal dalam mengetahui perubahan kuantitas dan kualitas konsumsi pangan di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah mengkaji perubahan pengeluaran pangan dan non pangan, pola konsumsi serta supan energi dan protein sebelum dan selama pandemi Covid-19 dengan menggunakan data Susenas 2019, 2020, dan 2021 menurut kelompok pendapatan menurut wilayah kota, desa, dan kota+desa di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Tujuan khusus penelitian ini, yaitu: 1) mengkaji perubahan pola pengeluaran pada masyarakat di Jawa Timur menurut kelompok pendapatan sebelum dan selama pandemi Covid-19. 2) mengkaji perubahan asupan kalori, protein dan skor PPH masyarakat di Provinsi Jawa Timur menurut kelompok pendapatan sebelum dan selama pandemi Covid-19. 3) mengkaji perubahan kalori yang dibayarkan menurut kelompok pendapatan sebelum dan selama pandemic Covid-19. 4) merumuskan rekomendasi pengembangan program untuk menguatkan ketahanan pangan selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian studi deskriptif, jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) 2019-2021. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan program komputer Microsoft Excel 2010. Data yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian diolah, dianalisis dan disajikan berdasarkan wilayah (desa, kota, desa+kota) dan 5 kelompok yang sama besar setelah diurutkan mulai yang terkecil (kuintil 1) hingga terbesar (kuintil 5). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran pangan selama pandemi mengalami peningkatan 1% jika dibandingkan sebelum pandemi pada tahun 2019, sedangkan pengeluaran nonpangan mengalami penurunan 1% selama pandemi pada tahun 2020 dan 2021. Pada pengeluaran pangan (51%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pengeluaran nonpangan (49%) di tahun 2020, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan tingkat kesejahteraan (ekonomi) selama pandemi Covid-19. Berdasarkan food share selama Covid-19 di tahun 2020 dan 2021 pada pendapatan rendah kuintil 1 diindikasikan sebagai rumah tangga rentan pangan dengan nilai food share 67,5% di desa dan 63,2% di kota sedangkan pada tahun 2021 nilai food share 66,7% di desa dan di kota 63,5%. Pandemi menyebabkan rumah tangga lebih tidak tahan pangan. Bencana kesehatan seperti Covid-19 memengaruhi kondisi pemenuhan ketersediaan pangan rumah tangga dengan keterbatasan akses pangan dan berdampak pada kondisi asupan gizi. Masyarakat kuintil 1 lebih rentan berpotensi mengalami kerawanan pangan selama pandemi. Adanya penurunan pendapatan dan daya beli, sehingga pemerintah memfokuskan kelompok ini untuk diberikan bantuan pangan atau bantuan berupa uang agar dapat meningkatkan konsumsi pangan serta status gizi. Adanya bantuan tersebut dapat meningkatkan kondisi ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Bedanya dengan masyarakat kaya, mereka mengeluarkan dana lebih besar untuk pengeluaran pangan dikarenakan bukan kelompok sasaran penerima bantuan. Adanya model sosial berupa bantuan pangan dari tetangga kepada masyarakat yang menderita Covid-19 menyebabkan kenaikan konsumsi pangan dengan mendekatkan akses pangan melalui lingkungan sekitar. Terlihat bahwa di penelitian ini, pengeluaran pangan selama pandemi pada masyarakat miskin (Kuintil 1) lebih besar dibandingkan pengeluaran untuk non pangan. Hal ini mengindikasikan kelompok ini memiliki tingkat kesejahteraan yang rendah. Semakin tinggi pendapatan maka konsumsi energi, protein dan keragaman pangan akan semakin tinggi nilainya. Perubahan kalori pangan yang dibayarkan selama pandemi mengalami peningkatan seiring meningkatknya pendapatan jika dibandingkan sebelum pandemi. Program yang direkomendasikan dalam meningkatkan kondisi ketahanan pangan rumah tangga berupa Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL), pemberdayaan pertanian model urban farming dan integrated farming untuk meningkatkan akses pangan agar lebih dekat serta optimalisasi pemanfaatan pendapatan bagi masyarakat miskin yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keragaman pangan selama dan setelah pandemi Covid-19.

The Covid-19 pandemic directly impacts human social reactions because it can affect health, financial security, quality of life, and food security (Le May 2020). East Java Provincial Government data (2020) reveals that the number of poor people has increased as a result of the high response rate in Indonesia caused by the soaring Termination of Employment (PHK) during the Covid-19 pandemic (Randi 2020). Research on changes before and during the Covid-19 period in food and nutrition issues according to income groups in urban and rural areas is a strategy and an initial step in knowing changes in the quantity and quality of food consumption in East Java Province. The general objective of this research is to examine changes before and during the Covid-19 pandemic using Susenas data for 2019, 2020 and 2021 according to income groups according to cities, villages and cities + villages in East Java Province. The specific objectives of this study are: 1) to examine changes in spending patterns in people in East Java according to income groups before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. 2) examine changes in calorie, protein intake and PPH scores of people in East Java Province according to income groups before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. 3) review changes in calories paid by income group before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. 4) formulate recommendations for program development to strengthen food security during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a descriptive study research design, the type of data used is secondary data using the 2019-2021 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) data. Data processing and analysis was carried out with the Microsoft Excel 2010 computer program. The collected data was then processed, analyzed and presented based on the region and 5 groups of equal size after being sorted from the smallest (quintile 1) to the largest (quintile 5). The results of the study show that food expenditure during the pandemic has increased by 1% compared to before the pandemic in 2019, while non-food expenditure has decreased by 1% during the pandemic in 2020 and 2021. Food expenditure (51%) is higher than non-food expenditure (49 %) in 2020, this shows that there has been a decline in the level of (economic) welfare during the Covid-19 pandemic. The expenditure pattern using the food share method during Covid-19 in 2020 and 2021 in low income. Quintile 1 is indicated as a food vulnerable household with a food share value of 67.5% in rural and 63.2% in urban areas while in 2021 the food share value 66.7% in rural and 63.5% in urban areas. The pandemic has made households more food insecure. Health disasters such as Covid-19 have affected the condition of meeting household food availability with limited access to food and had an impact on nutritional intake conditions. People in quintile 1 are more vulnerable and have the potential to experience food insecurity during a pandemic. There was a decrease in income and purchasing power, so the government focused on this group to be given food assistance or assistance in the form of money in order to increase food consumption and nutritional status. The existence of this assistance can improve the condition of household food security. The difference is that with rich people, they spend more on food expenditure because they are not the target group of aid recipients. The existence of a social model in the form of food assistance from neighbors to people suffering from Covid-19 has led to an increase in food consumption by bringing access to food closer through the surrounding environment. It can be seen that in this study, spending on food during a pandemic among the poor (Quintile 1) is greater than spending on non-food items. This indicates that this group has a low level of welfare. The higher the income, the higher the value of the consumption of energy, protein and food diversity. Changes in food calories paid during the pandemic have increased as income has increased compared to before the pandemic. Recommended programs to improve household food security conditions are in the form of Sustainable Food Home Areas (KRPL), urban farming and integrated farming model empowerment to increase access to food so that it is closer and optimize the use of income for the poor which aims to increase food diversity during and after the Covid-19 pandemic.