Model Produksi Sapi Breedlot Berbasis Korporasi di Peternakan Rakyat, Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

Abstract

Usaha peternakan sapi potong di Indonesia sebagian besar merupakan usaha rakyat yang dilakukan secara tradisional tanpa sentuhan teknologi sehingga hasilnya tidak maksimal apalagi dengan skala kepemilikan kecil per peternak. Perubahan paradigma usaha budidaya ke arah korporasi sangat diperlukan agar peternak rakyat merasakan keuntungannya. Efisiensi usaha dan peningkatan produktivitas ternak adalah tujuan yang harus dicapai agar beternak dapat menjadi sumber pendapatan secara berkelanjutan. Agar tujuan ini terwujud, model produksi yang difokuskan pada sapi breedlot dipelajari di Stasiun Lapang Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SL-SPR) Kawasan Sungai Lilin Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah membangun model produksi sapi pembiakan dan penggemukan (breedlot) berbasis korporasi di peternakan rakyat yang telah mengikuti program pembelajaran SPR-1111 IPB yang dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Analisis keberlanjutan yang dilakukan dari dimensi ekologi, dimensi teknologi dan dimensi ekonomi dilakukan sebagai tujuan khusus dalam penelitian ini. Dimensi ekologi meliputi potensi wilayah dan daya dukung pakan di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, dimensi teknologi meliputi sistem produksi sapi breedlot di peternakan rakyat dan peningkatan produktivitas melaui perbaikan pakan di Kecamatan Sungai Lilin, serta dimensi ekonomi berkaitan dengan penilaian kelayakan finansial dan strategi pengembangan usaha sapi breedlot berbasis korporasi yang dilakukan di SL-SPR Kawasan Sungai Lilin. Ketiga dimensi tersebut adalah satu kesatuan sistem produksi yang komplek dan saling berkaitan satu dengan yang lain. Simulasi model produksi dilakukan dan dihitung untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem yang diterapkan tehadap efisiensi produksi dan kelayakan usaha sapi breedlot di SL-SPR tersebut. Hasil simulasi digunakan sebagai dasar pertimbangan dalam menyusun strategi pengembangan usaha sapi breedlot berbasis korporasi di peternakan rakyat. Manfaat dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangan gagasan tentang (1) pengambilan keputusan dalam pengusahaan ternak bagi peternak rakyat, (2) perumuskan kebijakan dalam peningkatkan produktivitas ternak dan pendapatan peternak rakyat bagi pemangku kebijakan. Penelitian terkait dimensi ekologi dilakukan di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan pada bulan Januari-September 2021. Kaji terap dan pengambilan koefisien teknis penelitian dilakukan pada SL-SPR di Kecamatan Sungai Lilin Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin. Evaluasi dimensi ekologi dianalisis dengan perhitungan kepadatan ternak dan penduduk, wilayah pengembangan, potensi wilayah dan pakan, kapasitas tampung wilayah dan indeks daya dukung lahan. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui sampling, wawancara, observasi lapangan serta data sekunder dari instansi terkait. Data diolah menggunakan rumus kepadatan ternak dan penduduk, wilayah pengembangan, Location Quotient (LQ), potensi pakan dan kapasitas tampung serta dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil analisa dimensi ekologi untuk kepadatan ekonomi kurang dari 50 ST 1000 jiwa-1, usahatani kurang dari 0,25 ST ha-1 dan wilayah kurang dari 10 ST/km2 atau secara keseluruhan Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin dikategorikan jarang. Kepadatan penduduk per km2 kurang dari 1249 jiwa termasuk dalam kategori jarang. Seluruh kecamatan di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin dapat dikategorisasikan sebagai wilayah penyebaran dan pengembangan sapi potong termasuk sapi Bali. Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin memiliki daya dukung pakan di seluruh kecamatan berstatus aman. Dari hasil analisa LQ, lima kecamatan termasuk Plakat tinggi, Lais, Sungai lilin, Keluang dan Tungkal Jaya adalah basis pengembangan sapi potong, dengan produksi pakan total sebesar 885.385,24 ton BK tahun-1 yang dapat menampung ternak ruminansia 776.653,728 ST dan kapasitas peningkatan populasi sapi potong sebesar 108.731,52 ST dengan indeks daya dukung aman. Kebun sawit sebagai sumber hijauan untuk 16.139,76 ST saat tanaman belum menghasilkan serta sebagai lahan penggembalaan untuk 0,47 ST ha-1 atau 14.872,21 ST pada tanaman yang sudah menghasilkan. Analisis dimensi teknologi mencakup analisis sistem produksi dan peningkatan produktivitas sapi breedlot melalui perbaikan pakan. Data sistem produksi diperoleh dari Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dengan 20 narasumber termasuk pengurus dan anggota SPR serta inseminator. Data reproduksi diambil dari 150 induk dan kajiterap pada 60 ekor sapi Bali jantan dengan rincian 20 ekor di berikan 100% hijauan dan non kastrasi, 20 ekor diberikan hijauan dan konsentrat dan non kastrasi serta 20 ekor yang diberikan hijauan dan konsentrat dengan kastrasi yang dilakukan selama 3 bulan. Data sistem produksi dan performa reproduksi dianalisis secara deskriptoif, sedangkan hasil kaji terap dianalisis menggunakan Ancova (Analysis of covarience) untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan kombinasi pakan dan kastrasi menggunakan Program SAS. Sistem produksi breedlot bertujuan untuk menghasilkan anak yang akan digemukkan dan selanjutnya dijual. Pembiakan semi intensif dan penggemukan secara intensif. Pakan penggemukan berupa hijauan pada sapi penggemukan yang dilakukan selama 9 bulan dan penjualan hanya satu kali saat hari raya Idul Adha. Hasil kaji terap menunjukkan bahwa sapi jantan yang digemukkan dengan cara peternak (100% hijauan), pertambahan bobot badannya lebih rendah daripada sapi jantan yang diberikan perbaikan pakan. Hasil tertinggi pada sapi Bali yang diberikan perbaikan pakan tanpa kastrasi berdasarkan PBBH sebesar 0,61 kg-1 ekor-1 hari-1. Perlakuan kastrasi tidak mempengaruhi konsumsi pakan dan pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH) pada sapi yang diberikan perbaikan pakan. Dimensi ekonomi dianalisis dengan perhitungan kelayakan finansial dan strategi pengembangan usaha sapi breedlot berbasis korporasi di peternakan rakyat. Kelayakan finansial dihitung dengan terlebih dahulu merumuskan model produksi dengan pendekatan sistem dinamik yang kemudian dihitung aliran arus kas dari masing-masing tahapan produksi, sedangkan strategi pengembangan usaha sapi breedlot dianalisis menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Data produksi, reproduksi dan ekonomi yang diperoleh dari analisis sebelumnya ditabulasikan dalam satu tabel dan digunakan sebagai koefisien teknis untuk penyusunan model. Analisis kelayakan finansial dihitung dengan nilai Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit/Cost (B/C ratio) dan Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Software Vensim dan Powersim studio versi 10 digunakan untuk menyusun Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and flow chart diagram, yang dilanjutkan dengan analisa sistem dinamik. Strategi disusun secara berjenjang dan dianalisis menggunakan AHP. Data primer yang digunakan untuk melakukan analisis diperoleh melalui FGD dan wawancara dengan pakar yang terdiri dari peternak, pengambil kebijakan, pengusaha, akademisi dan peneliti. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan AHP menggunakan R studio versi 4.1.2. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, model produksi eksisting belum dinyatakan layak sebagai sebuah usaha dengan nilai NPV negatif; B/C ratio < 1 dan IRR di bawah suku bunga berlaku pada perhitungan usaha selama 10 tahun. Model produksi sapi breedlot berbasis korporasi di peternakan rakyat dengan porsi 20% pembiakan dan 80% penggemukan, peningkatan angka kelahiran di atas 80% dan panen pedet di atas 90%, angka kematian pedet di bawah 5%, penambahan pakan kosentrat dan penjualan satu kali memberikan hasil bahwa kelompok korporasi masih dapat mengembalikan pinjaman skema CSR yaitu bunga 3% dengan pendapatan Rp 245.602,86 ekor per bulan dan KUR yaitu bunga 6% dengan pendapatan Rp 234.573,45 per ekor per bulan. Peternak akan mendapatkan penghasilan setara dengan Upah Minimum Regional (UMR) Sumatera Selatan sebesar Rp 3.400.000,00 jika satu orang peternak minimal memelihara 15 ekor. Peningkatan skala usaha dilakukan dengan korporasi dan strategi yang dilakukan dengan pengelolaan usaha. Hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh pengurus SASPRI Kawasan yang mengendalikan koperasi produsen berbasis korporasi untuk pengembangan bisnis dan stasiun lapang untuk peningkatan produktivitas berbasis IPTEK. Kondisi itu hanya dan hanya jika komunitas itu dikonsolidasikan melalui program pemberdayaan SPR-1111-IPB.

Beef cattle farming in Indonesia predominantly relies on traditional methods, with minimal integration of technology. Therefore, the outcomes are suboptimal, particularly due to the small-scale ownership per farmer. A fundamental shift in the cultivation approach toward corporate involvement is imperative to ensure the welfare of smallholder farmers. The key objectives encompass enhancing business efficiency and increasing livestock productivity, thereby establishing farming as a sustainable source of income. To attain this vision, an in-depth analysis of a production model centered around Bali cattle was carried out at the Field Station of the School of People's Animal Husbandry (SL-SPR) in the Sungai Lilin Area, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province. Therefore, this study aimed to build a corporate-based breedlot model in smallholder farms that have participated in the SPR-1111 IPB learning program in Indonesia. It encompassed a comprehensive sustainability assessment, evaluating the ecological, technological, and economic dimensions. The ecological dimension includes the suitability of the area and the carrying capacity of feed in Musi Banyuasin Regency. Meanwhile, the technological dimension are the cultivation system, the application of technology, and the performance of livestock production in Sungai Lilin Sub-district. The financial dimension relates to the assessment of the financial feasibility of the business carried out. These three dimensions are a complex production system interrelated with one another. A simulation of the production model was conducted and calculated to determine the effect of the system applied on the production efficiency and business feasibility of Bali cattle in the SL-SPR. The simulation results were used as a basis for consideration in developing beef cattle development strategies. This study was conducted to analyze: (1) the ecological dimension: as the potential of the region and the carrying capacity of feed for beef cattle cultivation, (2) the technological dimension: the Bali cattle production system in smallholder farmers and the introduction of feed improvements to increase productivity, and 3) the economic dimension: models and strategies for developing corporate-based Bali cattle businesses in smallholder farming. Concerning the benefits, it contributed ideas on (1) decision-making in the livestock business for smallholder farmers, and (2) policy formulation in improving livestock productivity and income of smallholder farmers for policymakers. A study related to the ecological dimension was conducted in Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, from January to September 2021. Meanwhile, implementation review and technical coefficient collection were performed at SL-SPR in Sungai Lilin Sub-district, Musi Banyuasin Regency. The evaluation of ecological dimensions was analyzed by calculating livestock density, development areas, regional potential, feed potential, regional capacity, and carrying capacity index. Data were collected through sampling, interviews, field observations, and secondary data from relevant agencies. Furthermore, the data were processed using the formulas for livestock density, development area, Location Quotient (LQ), and feed capacity, as well as analyzed descriptively. The results of the ecological dimension analysis for economic density showed a value of less than 50 ST 1000 people-1, farming less than 0,25 ST ha-1, and an area below 10 ST/km2. In general, Musi Banyuasin Regency was categorized as sparse due to the population density per km2 of less than 1249 people. All sub-districts in Musi Banyuasin were categorized as beef cattle distribution and development areas including Bali cattle. The regency had the capacity to accommodate 330.947,73 ST of beef cattle, with a feed carrying capacity in all sub-districts classified as safe. From the LQ analysis, five sub-districts including Plakat Tinggi, Lais, Sungai Lilin, Keluang, and Tungkal Jaya were beef cattle development base, with total feed production of 885.385,24 tons BK year-1 that accommodated 776.653,728 ST. These areas had capacity to increase beef cattle population by 108.731,52 ST with safe carrying capacity status. Meanwhile, oil palm plantations demonstrated significant potential as grazing land and feed providers, with forage production could accommodate approximately 16.139,76 UT when the plantations are immature and as grazing land for 0,47 UT ha-1, equivalent to 14.872,21 UT for producing oil palm plantations. The technological dimension analysis encompassed analysis of production systems and increased productivity of beef cattle through improved feed. Production system data were obtained from a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) attended by 20 resource persons, including SPR administrators, members, and inseminators. In addition, data on fattening productivity were collected from a study that involved 60 Bali cattle. Among the total sample, 20 cattle received 100% forage and remained non-castrated, while another 20 were provided with a combination of forage and concentrate. The remaining 20 cattle received a combination of forage, concentrate, and castration. This study was conducted for 3 months to assess the fattening performance of the cattle. The analysis employed a dynamic systems approach to assess the outcomes and effects of these interventions. In addition, only a single feed of forage was given to fattening cattle for 9 months and sold only once during the Eid al-Adha. The results showed that cattle fattened using the farmers’ method (100% forage) exhibited lower body weight gain compared to those fed with the improved feed. The highest daily weight gain in Balinese cattle was observed in animals receiving feed improvement without castration, reaching 0,61 kg head-1day-1. The economic dimension was formulated through models and strategies for corporate-based breedlot production business development in smallholder farming. The financial feasibility assessment involved the formulation of a production model using a dynamic system approach. This model facilitated the calculation of cash flows at each stage of production and the breedlot cattle development strategy was analyzed utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Production, reproduction, and economic data obtained from previous analyses were tabulated and used as technical coefficients for model development. Similarly, a business feasibility analysis was also calculated using Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit/Cost (B/C ratio), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Vensim software and Powersim Studio version 10 were used to develop Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and flow chart diagram, followed by dynamic system analysis. Strategies were arranged in stages and analyzed using AHP, and primary data used to conduct the analysis was obtained through FGD and interviews with experts. Data processing was also performed with AHP using R studio version 4.1.2. Based on the simulation results, the existing production model was not declared feasible as a business, with an NPV value of -32.669.787,67; B/C ratio < 1, and IRR below the prevailing interest rate. In the existing breedlot production model, the business was also not feasible with NPV of -683.350.309,27; B/C ratio < 1, and IRR below the prevailing interest rate for the business calculations over 10 years. The corporate-based breedlot cattle production model was implemented on smallholder farms, with a focus of 20% and 80% on breeding and fattening. The aim was to improve reproduction rates, achieving calving rates and calf crops above 80% and 90%, while reducing calf mortality to below 5%. Additionally, concentrate feed was added to the system and the business analysis yielded results, where farmers operating with an annual sales system, repaid the CSR scheme loan at an interest rate of 3%. The projected income amounted to IDR 245.602,86 head-1 month-1. Alternatively, farmers had the option to select the KUR option, which carried a 6% interest rate, resulting in an income of IDR 234.573,45 head-1 month-1. Another possibility was that farmers earned an income equivalent to the South Sumatra regional minimum wage of IDR 3.400.000,00 when a minimum of 15 Bali cattle was raised. Business scale increase was conducted by the corporation, while strategy was carried out by the management. The achievements were made possible by the administrators of SASPRI, who were corporation-based producer cooperatives dedicated to business development, as well as field stations focused on enhancing productivity through science and technology. However, these results were only attainable when the community was consolidated through the SPR-1111-IPB empowerment program.