Struktur Pasar dan Daya Saing Ekspor Teh Hitam Indonesia ke Jepang

Abstract

Teh hitam mendominasi ekspor teh Indonesia. Akan tetapi, potensi negara tujuan ekspor utama teh hitam Indonesia sudah fully tapped sehingga perlu diversifikasi. Jepang merupakan negara tujuan ekspor teh hitam Indonesia dengan untapped export potential besar. Di sisi lain, nilai ekspor teh hitam Indonesia ke Jepang cenderung fluktuatif dengan pangsa pasar relatif kecil sehingga berdampak pada optimalisasi potensi ekspor teh hitam ke Jepang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur pasar dan daya saing serta menentukan pengembangan pasar ekspor teh hitam Indonesia ke Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan X-Model Potential Export Products dengan data pada periode 2002-2021. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur pasar teh hitam kemasan dan teh hitam curah di Jepang adalah oligopoli. Teh hitam curah Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di pasar Jepang, sedangkan teh hitam kemasan Indonesia kurang memiliki keunggulan komparatif di pasar Jepang. Selain itu, teh hitam curah Indonesia juga memiliki keunggulan kompetitif lebih kuat dibandingkan teh hitam kemasan Indonesia di pasar Jepang. Berdasarkan hasil klasterisasi X-Model Potential Export Products, teh hitam curah Indonesia dapat menjadi fokus jenis komoditas teh hitam untuk pengembangan ekspor ke Jepang pada saat ini.

Black tea dominates Indonesian tea export. However, Indonesian black tea export potential to main export destinations has fully tapped, thus needs diversification. Japan is Indonesian black tea export destination with big untapped export potential. Conversely, Indonesian black tea export value tends to fluctuate with relatively small market share, thus takes effect in optimizing black tea export potential to Japan. This research aims to analyze the market structure and competitiveness as well as determine the Indonesian black tea market expansion to Japan market. This research employs Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and X-Model Potential Export Products using 2002-2021 period data. The results show that the packaged and bulk black tea market structure in Japan is oligopoly. Indonesian bulk black tea has comparative advantage in Japan market, whereas Indonesian packaged black tea lacks comparative advantage in Japan market. Moreover, Indonesian bulk black tea has stronger competitive advantage over Indonesian packaged black tea in Japan market. Based on the clustering result of X-Model Potential Export Products, Indonesian bulk black tea is able to become the black tea commodity focus for export expansion to Japan market at the moment.