Analisis Dampak Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Terhadap Ekspor Cocoa Butter Indonesia ke Pasar Eropa Barat

Abstract

Kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor unggulan sub sektor perkebunan yang memiliki kontribusi cukup besar terhadap PDB Indonesia, dimana total nilai ekspor kakao (HS 1804, cocoa butter) mencapai 1,26 miliar USD dalam periode 2011 hingga 2021. Berdasarkan data UN Comtrade, tren ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia berfluktuatif namun cenderung meningkat pada periode 2014-2020. Fluktuasi nilai ekspor diduga disebabkan oleh penerapan Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) pada komoditas kakao dan turunannya semakin ketat. Penelitian ini menyajikan gambaran pemberlakuan SPS pada ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia di pasar Eropa Barat yang dianalisis dengan inventory approach. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak SPS terhadap ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia di pasar Eropa Barat yang dianalisis menggunakan gravity model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Jerman sebagai negara yang memberlakukan kebijakan SPS dengan nilai frequency index dan coverage ratio tertinggi pada tahun 2020. Sementara itu hasil gravity model menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan SPS secara signifikan berpengaruh negatif terhadap volume ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia sedangkan variabel real effective exchange rate, economic distance, GDP riil Indonesia, dan produksi kakao berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap volume ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia.

Cocoa is one of the leading export commodities in the plantation sub-sector which has a sizeable contribution to Indonesia's GDP, where the total export value of cocoa butter reached 1.26 billion USD in 2011 to 2021. Based on UN Comtrade data, export trends on Indonesian cocoa butter fluctuates but tends to increase in 2014-2020. Fluctuations in the value of exports are thought to be caused by strict application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) on cocoa commodity and its derivatives. This study presents an overview of the implementation of SPS on Indonesian cocoa butter exports to the Western Europe market with inventory approach. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of SPS on Indonesian cocoa butter exports in the Western Europe market with gravity model. This study shows that Germany is the country that implements the SPS policy with the highest frequency index and coverage ratio values in 2020. Meanwhile the results of the gravity model show that the SPS policy has a significant negative effect on Indonesia's cocoa butter export volume while the real effective exchange rate, economic distance, Indonesia's real GDP, and cocoa production have a significant positive effect on Indonesia’s cocoa butter export.