Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/111485
Title: Dampak Guncangan Harga Minyak Bumi Terhadap Makroekonomi ASEAN
Authors: Hakim, Dedi Budiman
Widyastutik, Widyastutik
Taufani, Adawiya
Issue Date: Apr-2022
Publisher: IPB University
Abstract: Minyak bumi memainkan peran penting dalam perekonomian untuk semua negara, sebagai bahan bakar dan bahan baku yang menggerakkan perekonomian. Harga minyak yang sering mengalami guncangan atau sangat fluktuatif dapat mengganggu keseimbangan perekonomian suatu negara dan ekonomi global secara keseluruhan. ASEAN terdiri dari negara pengekspor dan pengimpor minyak. Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, pertumbuhan konsumsi minyak bumi di kawasan ASEAN merupakan yang tertinggi dibandingkan kawasan lain dan dunia. Pada kawasan ASEAN pertumbuhan konsumsi minyak tidak diikuti dengan pertumbuhan produksi yang dapat menimbulkan kerentanan terhadap ketahanan energi khususnya minyak bumi yang merupakan sumber energi dalam menggerakkan perekonomian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh perubahan dan guncangan harga minyak terhadap perekonomian ASEAN, sehingga dapat dikembangkan kebijakan terkait ketahanan dan keberlanjutan energi sebagai upaya transisi ke energi terbarukan. Indikator makroekonomi yang dianalisis yaitu GDP riil, nilai tukar riil, inflasi, suku bunga riil, neraca pembayaran dan tingkat pengangguran. Penelitian ini membagi harga minyak bumi menjadi harga minyak bumi positif untuk kenaikan harga dan harga minyak bumi negatif untuk penurunan harga berdasarkan transformasi Mork dengan menggunakan metode Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Kenaikan harga minyak bumi berpengaruh positif terhadap perekonomian Brunei dan Malaysia, karena kenaikan harga menyebabkan GDP riil negara tersebut naik, apresiasi nilai tukar riil dollar Brunei dan ringgit Malaysia, menurunnya inflasi, suku bunga riil dan tingkat pengangguran. Namun bagi neraca pembayaran kenaikan harga minyak bumi pada jangka panjang menyebabkan neraca pembayaran Brunei menurun sementara Malaysia meningkat. Bagi Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapura, Thailand, Filipina, Kamboja, Myanmar, dan Laos, kenaikan harga minyak bumi pada jangka panjang berpengaruh pada menurunnya GDP riil, terdepresiasinya nilai tukar riil masing-masing negara, naiknya inflasi, suku bunga riil, dan tingkat pengangguran. Kenaikan harga minyak bumi berpengaruh positif terhadap neraca pembayaran Indonesia, Singapura Thailand, sementara bagi Filipina, Kamboja, Myanmar dan Laos kenaikan harga minyak bumi menyebabkan neraca pembayaran menurun. Penurunan harga minyak bumi berpengaruh pada meningkatnya GDP riil Indonesia, Singapura, Thailand, Filipina, Kamboja, Myanmar dan Laos, nilai tukar riil masing-masing negara terapresiasi, menurunnya inflasi, suku bunga riil, dan tingkat pengangguran, sementara untuk neraca pembayaran hasilnya berbeda-beda. Bagi Indonesia, Thailand, Kamboja, Myanmar, Laos, penurunan harga minyak bumi tidak serta merta dapat memperbaiki atau meningkatkan neraca pembayaran pengimpor minyak. Hasil yang berbeda ditunjukkan oleh Singapura, penurunan harga minyak bumi berdampak pada peningkatan neraca pembayarannya. Guncangan kenaikan dan guncangan penurunan harga minyak bumi berdasarkan hasil IRF memiliki dampak yang berbeda terhadap makroekonomi negara-negara ASEAN. Guncangan kenaikan harga cenderung mendorong perekonomian Brunei Darussalam dan Malaysia. Guncangan penurunan harga minyak bumi cenderung menyebabkan penurunan perekonomian Brunei Darussalam dan Malaysia. Guncangan kenaikan harga cenderung menghambat perekonomian Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapura, Thailand, Filipina, Kamboja, Myanmar dan Laos. Guncangan penurunan harga minyak bumi tidak selamanya berdampak positif terhadap perekonomian negara pengimpor, khususnya untuk neraca pembayaran, karena dapat membuat neraca pembayaran beberapa negara pengimpor ikut menurun. Perbedaan hasil dan respon dari sepuluh negara ASEAN ini disebabkan oleh kebijakan masing-masing negara, makroekonomi, impor bersih minyak per PDB, tingkat ekspor, bauran energi, produksi energi, formasi sektor dan heterogenitas antar negara.
Oil plays an important role in the economy for all countries, as the fuel and raw material that drives the economy. Oil prices that often experience shocks or are highly volatile can disrupt the balance of a country's economy and the global economy as a whole. ASEAN consists of oil exporting and importing countries. In the last ten years, the growth of petroleum consumption in the ASEAN region is the highest compared to other regions and the world. In tha ASEAN, the growth of oil consumption that is not followed by production growth can lead to vulnerability to energy security, especially oil, an energy source that is the main need for a country in driving its economy. This study aims to determine how much influence changes and shocks in oil prices have on the ASEAN economy, so that policies related to energy security can be developed as an effort to transition to renewable energy. Macroeconomic indicators used include real GDP, exchange rates, inflation, real interest rates, balance of payments, and the unemployment rate. This study divides oil prices into positive oil prices for price increases and negative oil prices for price decreases based on the Mork transformation using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. The increase in oil prices has a positive effect on the economy of Brunei and Malaysia, because the increase in oil prices causes the country's real GDP to rise, the real exchange rate of the Brunei dollar and Malaysian ringgit appreciates, inflation decreases, interest rates decline and unemployment rates decreases. However, for the balance of payments, the increase in oil prices in the long term has caused Brunei's balance of payments to decline while Malaysia's has increases. For Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, the increase in oil prices in the long term has an effect on the decline in real GDP, the depreciation of the real exchange rate, the rise of inflation, real interest rates, and unemployment rates. The increase in oil prices has a positive effect on the balance of payments of Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, while for the Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, the increase in oil prices causes the balance of payments to decline. The decline in oil prices has an effect on increasing the real GDP of Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, the real exchange rate of each country appreciates, decreases in inflation, real interest rates, and the unemployment rate, while for the balance of payments the results are different. For Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, a decrease in oil prices does not necessarily improve or increase the balance of payments for oil importers. The shock of an increase and a shock of a decrease in oil prices by one standard deviation based on the results of the IRF has a different impact and response to the macroeconomics of ASEAN countries. The shock of rising prices tends to boost the economy of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia. The shock of falling oil prices tends to cause a decline in the economy of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia. The shock of rising prices tends to hamper the economies of Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Kamboja, Myanmar dan Laos. The shock of falling oil prices does not always positively impact the importing country's economy, especially for the balance of payments, because it can make the balance of payments of some importing countries also decline. The differences in results and responses from the ten ASEAN countries are caused by the policies of each country, macroeconomic, net oil imports per GDP, export levels, energy mix, energy production, sector formation, and heterogeneity between countries.
URI: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/111485
Appears in Collections:MT - Economic and Management

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