Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/107953
Title: Kapasitas Petani Penangkar Benih Padi dan Keberlanjutan Usaha Penangkaran di Majalengka
Other Titles: The Capacity of Rice Seed Breeding Farmers and The Sustainability of Breeding Business in Majalengka
Authors: Amanah, Siti
Fatchiya, Anna
Safei, Atang Muhammad
Issue Date: 2021
Publisher: IPB University
Abstract: Ketersediaan dan penggunaan benih padi bersertifikat di tingkat petani masih terbatas. Petani penangkar mempunyai peran strategis dalam produksi benih padi. Usaha penangkaran benih lebih menguntungkan dari pada usaha padi konsumsi karena harga jual benih lebih tinggi. Tantangan dalam usaha penangkaran benih di antaranya kapasitas petani dalam usaha penangkaran, kemitraan dan modal usaha. Kapasitas petani penangkar dalam menilai kualitas benih maupun proses produksi benih sangat diperlukan untuk pengembangan dan keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran benih. Kapasitas petani merupakan kemampuan petani untuk melakukan kegiatan usahatani, menjawab tantangan, mengatasi permasalahan dan memenuhi syarat sebagai petani penangkar yang unggul untuk mencapai tujuan usaha penangkaran benih padi yang efektif dan efisien. Kapasitas petani pada usaha penangkaran benih dilihat pada aspek penguasaan inovasi penangkaran benih, mengatasi masalah, pemasaran benih dan bermitra sinergis. Keberlanjutan usaha dilihat pada aspek produksi, keterjaminan pasar dan keuntungan usaha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) menganalisis kapasitas petani penangkar benih padi dan tingkat keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran, 2) menganalisis kemampuan kelompok tani untuk mendukung anggota kelompok tani dalam usaha penangkaran benih padi, 3) menganalisis pengaruh efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian dan tingkat dukungan eksternal terhadap kapasitas petani penangkar benih padi dan keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran, 4) memformulasikan upaya pengembangan kapasitas petani dan usaha penangkaran benih padi sehingga dapat berkelanjutan. Peningkatan kapasitas petani dapat dilakukan melalui pembelajaran partisipatif dari petani dengan melibatkan kelompok tani, kegiatan penyuluhan serta dukungan dari pemerintah, swasta dan tokoh masyarakat. Peningkatan kapasitas dapat mendorong keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran. Oleh karena itu, karakteristik petani, peran kelompok tani, kegiatan penyuluhan dan dukungan eksternal dapat meningkatkan kapasitas petani penangkar dan keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas 1) karakteristik individu, peran kelompok tani, efektivitas penyuluhan, dan tingkat dukungan eksternal mempunyai pengaruh nyata terhadap kapasitas petani penangkar benih padi, 2) Kapasitas petani penangkar benih padi mempunyai pengaruh nyata terhadap keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran, 3) karakteristik individu, peran kelompok tani, efektivitas penyuluhan dan tingkat dukungan eksternal mempunyai pengaruh nyata terhadap keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran benih padi. Penelitian ini didisain dengan menggunakan metode survei. Data primer dikumpulkan mulai Desember 2020 sampai Januari 2021. Responden penelitian adalah petani penangkar di Kabupaten Majalengka. Seluruh petani penangkar merupakan responden penelitian (112 petani). Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur, wawancara mendalam dan observasi lapangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan analisis Partial Least Square (PLS-Path Modelling) dengan aplikasi SmartPLS3. Aktivitas penyuluh pertanian dalam mendukung pembelajaran petani penangkar mengenai proses produksi benih padi dilakukan melalui sekolah lapang, demplot dan pertemuan kelompok. Kelompok tani memfasilitasi proses pembelajaran dan pelaksanaan usaha penangkaran seperti penyediaan sarana produksi dan pemasaran. Tingkat kapasitas petani penangkar berada pada kategori sedang dalam aspek penguasaan inovasi penangkaran, mengatasi masalah, pemasaran benih, dan bermitra sinergis. Petani mampu menerapkan varietas unggul baru (VUB) padi, mengendalikan serangan hama dan penyakit dan menyediakan pupuk, pestisida, sumber benih, membeli calon benih petani dengan harga lebih tinggi dari gabah konsumsi, mampu menjalin kerjasama dengan pihak lain. Petani belum memanfaatkan alsintan (rice transplanter dan combine harvester), kesulitan mendapatkan akses pasar dan pemupukan modal usaha, sehingga tidak semua potensi produksi benih kelompok dapat tertampung, belum memanfaatkan media sosial untuk sarana pemasaran benih, dan jalinan kemitraan belum berkelanjutan. Tingkat keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran pada aspek produksi dan keuntungan usaha berada pada kategori tinggi. Sementara itu, aspek keterjaminan pasar berada dalam kategori sedang. Produksi benih padi lebih tinggi dari produksi usahatani padi konsumsi karena petani menerapkan teknologi usaha penangkaran benih sehingga keuntungan usaha meningkat. Petani belum bisa mendapatkan jaminan pasar untuk menampung semua potensi produksi benih. Peran kelompok tani berada pada kategori sedang sebagai kelas belajar, wahana kerjasama dan unit produksi. Kelompok tani mengadakan pembelajaran proses rouging, pembuatan pestisida nabati, sistem budidaya padi dengan narasumber dari penyuluh pertanian dan lembaga terkait. Kegiatan pembelajaran dilaksanakan dengan keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana belajar dari kelompok tani. Efektivitas penyuluhan berada pada kategori sedang pada aspek kesesuaian materi penyuluhan, ketepatan metode penyuluhan serta kemampuan penyuluh. Aspek intensitas penyuluhan berada pada kategori rendah. Penyuluhan dilakukan secara partisipatif melalui kombinasi metode seperti sekolah lapang, demplot, dan kunjungan kelompok. Materi yang disampaikan sesuai dengan minat dan kebutuhan petani yaitu cara untuk meningkatkan produksi. Penyuluhan yang bersifat manajerial seperti pemasaran, kewirausahaan dan modal usaha belum banyak diberikan kepada petani. Penyuluh berkunjung ke kelompok tani satu bulan sekali. Tingkat dukungan eksternal yang terdiri dari dukungan pemerintah, dukungan swasta dan dukungan tokoh masyarakat berada dalam kategori sedang. Pemerintah melindungi petani melalui asuransi pertanian, kredit usaha rakyat, akan tetapi petani belum memanfaatkan secara optimal. Tingkat kapasitas petani dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik individu, peran kelompok tani, efektivitas penyuluhan, dan tingkat dukungan eksternal (dukungan pemerintah, swasta dan tokoh masyarakat). Penggunaan berbagai metode penyuluhan, intensitas penyuluhan yang tinggi dengan didukung pihak pemerintah, swasta dan tokoh masyarakat dapat meningkatkan kapasitas petani dalam usaha penangkaran benih. Tingkat keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran benih dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh karakteristik individu, efektivitas penyuluhan dan tingkat dukungan eksternal. Tingkat kapasitas petani tidak berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran. Petani mampu memproduksi benih padi, tetapi mereka menemui kendala pemasaran dan modal. Selain kemampuan aspek budidaya, keberhasilan usaha penangkaran benih juga memerlukan kapasitas petani dalam aspek manajerial seperti motivasi usaha, pemasaran, kemampuan kewirausahaan serta kemandirian petani. Strategi peningkatan kapasitas petani penangkar benih dan keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran menggunakan dasar pada model logik. Model logik dapat menggambarkan bagaimana program dapat bekerja dengan teori dan asumsi yang mendasari. Komponen model logik terdiri atas input, process, output dan outcomes. Input dalam strategi ini terdiri atas petani dengan pengalaman penangkaran, pendidikan nonformal, dan tingkat kekosmopolitan; kelompok tani yang dapat menjalankan peran sebagai kelas belajar, wahana kerjasama dan unit produksi; penyuluh pertanian; pemerintah; swasta; dan tokoh masyarakat serta pelatihan penyuluh. Process yang dilakukan adalah menyelenggarakan penyuluhan yang efektif melalui peningkatan kemampuan petani dari aspek budidaya sampai manajerial dengan metode penyuluhan yang partisipatif. Petani dapat mencoba inovasi dan berdiskusi secara langsung dengan penyuluh maupun petani lain (farmers to farmers) melalui sekolah lapang, demplot, kunjungan kelompok serta studi banding. Intensitas pertemuan penyuluh dan petani dapat meningkat sekaligus meningkatkan partisipasi dari pihak yang menjadi input dalam strategi ini. Kemampuan penyuluh pada aspek manajerial ditingkatkan melalui pendidikan formal maupun non formal sehingga dapat menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dan perkembangan masalah petani di lapangan. Output yang dicapai adalah meningkatnya kapasitas petani dalam usaha penangkaran benih, tercapai kemudahan akses pasar dan modal bagi petani sehingga tercapai outcomes berupa keberlanjutan usaha penangkaran benih padi.
The availability and application of certified rice seeds at the farmer level is still limited. Breeders have a strategic role in rice seed production. Seed breeding business is more profitable than consumption rice business because the selling price of seeds is higher. Constraints in the seed breeding business include the capacity of farmers in captivity and business capital. The capacity of captive farmers in assessing the quality and process of seed production has an important role in the development and sustainability of the seed breeding business. The capacity of farmer is the ability of farmers to carry out farming activities, answer challenges to overcome problems and fulfill the requirements as superior breeders to achieve effective and efficient rice seed breeding business goals. The capacity of farmers in the seed breeding business is assessed from level of mastering seed breeding innovation, solving problems, marketing seeds and synergistic partnerships. Business sustainability is measured from production, market security and business profits. This study aims to 1) analyze the capacity of farmers and the level of sustainability of the rice seed breeding business, 2) analyze the ability of farmer groups to support its members in the rice seed breeding business, 3) analyze the effect of the effectiveness of agricultural extension and the level of external support on the capacity of farmers. rice and the sustainability of the breeding business, 4) formulating efforts to develop the capacity of farmers and the breeding of rice seeds so that they can be sustainable. The capacity of farmers can be developed through a participatory learning process from farmers by involving farmer groups, extension activities and support from the government, private company and community leaders. Capacity building efforts can encourage the sustainability of rice seed breeding business. Therefore, the characteristics of farmers, the role of farmer groups, extension activities and external support can increase the capacity of breeder farmers and the sustainability of breeding business. The hypotheses in this study consist of 1) individual characteristics, the role of farmer groups, the effectiveness of extension, and the level of external support have a significant effect on the capacity of rice seed-breeding farmers, 2) the capacity of rice seed-breeding farmers have a significant effect on the sustainability of the breeding business, 3) characteristics individuals, the role of farmer groups, the effectiveness of extension and the level of external support have a real influence on the sustainability of the rice seed breeding business. This study was designed using a survey method. Primary data was collected from December 2020 to January 2021. The research respondents were breeder farmers in Majalengka Regency. All breeder farmers were the research respondents (112 farmers). Data and information were gathered through interviews using structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews and observations of field. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Square (PLS-Path Modeling) analysis with the SmartPLS3 application. Agricultural extension workers convey material on the rice seed production process to farmers through farmer field school, demonstration plots and group visits. Farmer groups facilitate the learning process and the implementation of breeding business such as providing production facilities and marketing seeds. The level of the capacity of breeder farmers is in the medium category in terms of mastering breeding innovation, problem solving, seed marketing, and synergistic partnering. Farmers are able to apply new superior varieties of rice, control pests and diseases and provide fertilizers, pesticides, seed sources, buy prospective seeds from farmers at higher prices than consumption grain, able to establish cooperation with other parties Farmers have not used agricultural machinery (rice transplanter and combine harvester), have difficulty getting market access and fertilizing business capital, so that not all potential group products can be accommodated, have not used social media as a marketing tool, and partnerships cannot be run in a sustainable manner. The level of sustainability of the breeding business in the aspect of production and business profits is in the high category. Meanwhile, the aspect of market guarantees is included in the medium category. Rice seed production is higher than consumption rice farming production because farmers apply seed breeding business technology so that business profits increase. Farmers have not been able to get market guarantees to accommodate all potential seed production. The role of farmer groups is in the medium category as a learning class, a vehicle for cooperation and production units. Farmer groups held lessons on the rouging process, manufacture of vegetable pesticides, rice cultivation systems with resource persons from agricultural extension workers and related institutions. Learning activities are carried out with various limitations of learning facilities and infrastructure from farmer groups. The effectiveness of the extension is in the moderate category for the suitability of the extension material, the accuracy of the extension method and the ability of the extension workers. In the aspect of the intensity of the extension, it is in the low category. Counseling is carried out in a participatory manner through a combination of methods such as field schools, demonstration plots, and group visits. The material presented is in accordance with the interests and needs of farmers, namely efforts to increase production. There has not been much managerial counseling given to farmers. Extension workers visit farmer groups once a month. The level of external support consisting of support from government, private company and community leaders is in the medium category. The government protects farmers through agricultural insurance, people's business credit, but farmers have not utilized optimally. The level of the capacity of farmers is influenced by individual characteristics, the role of farmer groups, the effectiveness of extension, and the level of external support (support from the government, private company and community leaders). The use of various extension methods, high intensity of extension with the support of the private company and community leaders can increase the capacity of farmers in seed breeding business. The level of sustainability of the seed breeding business is directly influenced by individual characteristics, the effectiveness of extension and the level of external support. The level of the capasity of farmer does not significantly affect the sustainability of the breeding business. Farmers are able to produce rice seeds, but they encounter marketing and capital constraints. In addition to the ability of the cultivation aspect, the success of a seed breeding business also requires the capacity of farmers to managerial aspects such as business motivation, marketing, entrepreneurial ability and farmer independence. The strategy to increase the capacity of farmers and the sustainability of the breeding business is based on a logical model. Logical models can describe how the program can work with the underlying theory and assumptions. The components of the logic model consist of input, process, output and outcomes. Inputs to this strategy consist of farmers who have breeding experience, non-formal education, and level of cosmopolitan; farmer groups can play the role of a learning class, a vehicle for cooperation and a production unit; agricultural extension workers; government; private company; and community leaders. The process carried out is to organize effective extension through increasing the ability of farmers from cultivation to managerial aspects with participatory extension methods. Farmers can try innovations and discuss directly with extension workers and other farmers (farmers to farmers) through farmers field schools, demonstration plots, group visits and comparative study. The intensity of meetings between extension workers and farmers is increased while increasing the participation of parties who are inputs in this strategy. The ability of extension workers in managerial aspects is improved through formal and non-formal education so that they can adapt to the needs and developments of farmers' problems. The output achieved is that the activities of farmer groups become dynamic, the production of good quality seeds and the ability of extension workers and farmers to increase in carrying out extension activities in cultivation and managerial aspects so that outcomes are achieved in the form of sustainable rice seed breeding.
URI: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/107953
Appears in Collections:MT - Human Ecology

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