Urban Physical Development of Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies as a Corridor Area of Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region

Abstract

Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung metropolitan areas in Indonesia are areas that have a very high regional attractiveness because the infrastructure and public facilities are more developed and adequate than other areas. The attractiveness of this area leads to the phenomenon of urban expansion and an increase in built-up areas rapidly caused by the process of urbanization and suburbanization. The urbanization and suburbanization processes that occur in the Jakarta-Bandung area have affected the surrounding areas, such as Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies, resulting in increased population growth and built-up areas in the two regencies. The increasing population and various activities in an area will encourage the addition number and types of public facilities due to the increasing need for both regional infrastructure and facilities so that urban physical developments occur. The increase in the rate of urban physical development of this area will lead to an increase in land-use change, especially on vegetated lands to become built-up lands due to the massive development of regional infrastructure, both regional infrastructure and facilities. This research has an objective to 1) identify the changes of built-up and paddy fields Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies based on existing and future conditions; 2) determine the level of service facilities and its spatial distribution pattern in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies in 2003 and 2018; 3) determine the spatial variation of the factors driving the urban physical development in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies and 4) directions to the Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies Local Governments regarding urban physical development trends that occur. The type of data used in this research is secondary data in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies such as administrative maps in 2010, Landsat image maps in 2005, 2010, and 2018, population data, road network data, and village potential data in the year 2003 and 2018. Then the secondary data were analyzed using the spatial analysis approach and CA-Markov modeling to answer objective number 1; scalogram analysis, global & local moran’s index analysis to answer objective number 2; geographically weighted regression analysis to answer objective number 3 and clustering analysis also descriptive analysis to answer objective number 4. Urban physical developments that occur in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies continue to experience an increase characterized by a large increase in the area of built-up LULC in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies which predominantly occurred in the area around the connecting accessibility route between Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung metropolitan areas. This increase in the area of built-up LULC also led to a decrease or shrinkage in the area of paddy fields LULC most of which was converted to built-up LULC. The Land Use/Land Cover Changes (LULCC) trend in the period 2005-2018 has led to a continuous increase in built-up LULC in the future as a result of LULC projections in 2031. The village development index in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies also has the same trend as the LULCC trend, which has a high value or more developed in the area around the connecting accessibility route between Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung metropolitan areas. The spatial autocorrelation distribution pattern of the village development index values also shows that the urban physical development of the Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies was centered in the central part of the Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies, especially near the network road that connects the Jabodetabek and Greater Bandung metropolitan areas. Village development index, population density, the distance to the main road, and the distance to the urban center of Jakarta or Bandung are driving factors that spatially have a varying effect on each regional unit (village) on the occurrence of urban physical development in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies which are characterized by an increase in built-up LULC area in future, namely in the year 2031 based on projection results. Different characteristics of villages based on the results of the previous analysis led to different directions or policy approaches between villages in Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies. Thus, the grouping of villages with the same characteristics is carried out so that the directions and policies given to the Local Governments of Karawang and Purwakarta Regencies can be more focused. Directions with a spatial policy approach can be given to villages in each cluster so that the land use of their area is in accordance with the existing spatial pattern in the Spatial Plan. Strict enforcement of spatial use control instruments should be given in accordance with existing land use conditions and takes into account the spatial pattern of the Spatial Plan.