Sebaran dan Keragaman Beberapa Aksesi Sagu di Provinsi Kalimantan

Abstract

Sagu memiliki potensi yang tinggi untuk dijadikan alternatif pemenuhan karbohidrat. Potensi satu batang pohon sagu dapat menghasilkan 200–400 kg pati kering. Kemampuan sagu beradaptasi pada lahan yang cukup baik pada beberapa jenis lahan seperti lahan rawa maupun non rawa. Sagu juga menyebar hampir di seluruh pulau di Indonesia, salah satu penyebarannya terdapat di Pulau Kalimantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan bentuk pertumbuhan dan produksi aksesi sagu. Tujuan lain yaitu mempelajari keragaman genetik serta hubungan kekerabatan antar aksesi sagu berdasarkan informasi masyarakat lokal, karakter morfologi dan genetik, serta memperoleh ciri morfologi yang dapat membedakan antar aksesi sagu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di tiga kabupaten yang terdiri atas Kabupaten Tapin (Kecamatan Candi laras Selatan), Kabupaten Banjar (Kecamatan Sungai Tabuk) dan Kabupaten Barito Kuala (Kecamatan Anjir Muara), Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Analisis DNA dilakukan di Laboratorium Bioteknologi dan Molekuler Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura IPB. Analisis kandungan pati sagu dilakukan di Laboratorium Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian IPB. Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu lima aksesi sagu hasil eksplorasi dengan masing-masing tiga ulangan, sehingga seluruhnya berjumlah 15 contoh aksesi sagu. Data morfologi diuji menggunakan perangkat lunak statistik. Data karakter genetik dianalisis menggunakan program NTSYS-pc version 2.02 berdasarkan jumlah pita polimorfik yang terbentuk. Lima jenis aksesi berhasil diketahui dari keterangan masyarakat lokal yaitu di Kabupaten Tapin terdiri atas aksesi Mahang, Buntal dan Salak, di Kabupaten Banjar terdiri atas aksesi Madang dan di Kabupaten Barito Kuala hanya aksesi Gandut. Ciri morfologi yang digunakan masyarakat untuk membedakan antar aksesi di antaranya yaitu tinggi dan lingkar batang, sisa pelepah yang menempel pada batang dan duri. Perbedaan morfologi antar aksesi terlihat pada variabel akar, batang, duri, warna batang, tinggi batang, panjang daun, luas daun dan luas satu anak daun. Perbedaan produksi hanya terlihat pada variabel bobot pati kering per batang. Hasil analisis dari kekerabatan secara morfologi dan genetik menunjukkan adanya 9 jenis aksesi, namun 9 jenis aksesi tersebut menunjukkan pembagian yang berbeda. Jenis aksesi berdasarkan kekerabatan morfologi terdiri atas Mahang (1, 2 dan 3), Salak (1 dan 3), Madang (1 dan 2), Gandut (1, 2 dan 3), Buntal 1, Buntal 2, Buntal 3, Madang 3 dan Salak 2. Jenis aksesi berdasarkan kekerabatan genetik terdiri atas Salak (1 dan 3), Madang (1 dan 3), Buntal (1, 2 dan 3), Mahang (1, 2 dan 3), Gandut 1, Gandut 2, Gandut 3, Madang 2 dan Salak 2.

Sago has high potency as an alternative to carbohydrate needed. One sago tree trunk has the potential to produce 200 – 400 kg of dry starch. Sago is well adapted to the swamp and non-swamp land types. Sago spread almost all over the islands in Indonesia and one of its spread is on the island of Kalimantan. This study aims to determine the difference in the growth form and production of sago accession. The other objective is to study genetic diversity and its relationships between sago accessions based on information from local communities especially on morphological and genetic characters. the second is to obtain morphological characteristics that can distinguish between sago accessions. The research was carried out in three Regencies, namely Tapin (South Candi Laras District), Banjar (Tabuk River District) and Barito Kuala Regencies (Anjir Muara District), South Kalimantan Province. DNA analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Plants, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University. Analysis of starch content was carried out at the Laboratory of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University. The materials used in this study were five sago accessions resulting from exploration with three replications each, so that a total of 15 samples of sago accessions were used. Morphological data were analyzed through statistical software. Genetic character data were analyzed by NTSYS-pc version 2.02 program based on the number of polymorphic bands. Five types of accessions have been identified from information from local communities, namely in Tapin Regency consisting of Mahang, Buntal, and Salak accessions. In Banjar Regency it consists of Madang accession, and in Barito Kuala Regency it consists of Gandut accession. The morphological characteristics used by the community to distinguish between accessions include the height and trunk circle, residual midrib and spine. Morphological differences between accessions were seen in the variables of root, trunk, spine, trunk color, trunk height, leaf length, leaf area and area of leaflet. The difference in production was only seen in the dry starch weight per stem variable. The results of the analysis of morphological and genetic relationships showed that there were 9 different types of sago accessions, but it showed different divisions. Types of accessions based on morphological relationships consisted of Mahang (1, 2 and 3), Salak (1 and 3), Madang (1 and 2), Gandut (1, 2 and 3), Buntal 1, Buntal 2, Buntal 3, Madang 3 and Salak 2. Types of accession based on genetic relationships consisted of Salak (1 and 3), Madang (1 and 3), Buntal (1, 2, and 3), Mahang (1, 2, and 3), Gandut 1, Gandut 2, Gandut 3, Madang 2 and Salak 2.