Uji Aktivitas Anti Bakteri secara In Vitro dan Gambaran Darah Ayam akibat Ekstrak Etanol Daun dan Buah Mahkota Dewa

Abstract

One of bacterial pathogen that frequently attacks the birds is Salmonella enteritidis. Chicken as one of the world protein sources frequently reported infected by Salmonella enteritidis. Losses caused by the disease which caused by Salmonella enteritidis is large enough, because the infected chickens will decrease its productivity of eggs and meat. Therefore, it requires serious attention in this case. Indonesia is a country rich with herbal medicine, among which are Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Several previous studies have shown that the plant has several pharmacological effects, as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunostimulant. Antibacterial activity in vitro and hematology profile of chickens due to giving ethanol extract of leaves and fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl have never been tested on chickens. This study aims to (1) determine antibacterial activity of leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl against Salmonella enteritidis in vitro, (2) determine hematology profile of chickens due to giving leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. The study design completely randomized design consisting of 8 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 5 replications. Antibacterial treatment on testing those are, (1) leaf ethanol extract with concentration 100% + S. enteritidis, (2) leaf ethanol extract with concentration 50% + S. enteritidis, (3) leaf ethanol extract with concentration 25% + S. enteritidis, (4 ) fruit ethanol extract with concentration 100% + S. enteritidis, (5) fruit ethanol extract with concentration 50% + S. enteritidis, (6) fruit ethanol extract with concentration 25% + S. enteritidis, (7) Tetracycline + S. enteritidis (control positive), (8) aquadest + S. enteritidis (negative control). In vitro antibacterial activity test performed by Kirby-Bauer method. The parameters observed were inhibition zone, is clear zone formed around the disc. To determine hematology profile of chickens due to giving leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, the chickens treated with leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract at various doses were 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg for 7 days. The chickens given 20 mg of Echinacea purpurea extract (positive control), and without given extracts (negative control). Hematology profile was known through examination of total leukocytes and differential leukocytes before and after being given leaves and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Results showed that there was an effect (P<0.05) concentration of extract againts inhibition zone. Higher concentration produced greater inhibition zone. Based on LSD test, it found that there was significant differences (P <0.05) between the inhibition zone produced by tetracycline and leaves ethanol extract at all concentrations compared with aquadest. While the fruit ethanol extract reveal a significant differences (P <0.05) between the inhibition zone produced at 100% of concentration with 50%, 25% of concentration and aquadest. Student's t-test results showed that there was a significant inhibition zone difference (P <0.05) between the leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract. Leaves ethanol extract had antibacterial activity higher than fruits extract. Result of hematology test showed that leaves extract with 0.25 mg and fruits extract with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg of doses could increase total of leukocytes in chickens. Total of leukocytes in chickens after being given leaves ethanol extract at 0.25 mg of doses and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. at 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 1 mg of doses higher than before given the extracts.