Product development of coconut palm sugar enriched with CPO and RPO as alternative food to overcome vitamin a deficiency
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Date
2014Author
Dwiyanti, Hidayah
Riyadi, Hadi
Rimbawan
Damayanthi, Evy
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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is still prevalent in Indonesia which can not be solved after even prevention efforts. VAD is an important cause of blindness and premature death and is widely prevalent amongst women and children. Vitamin A deficiency also plays an important role on reducing immune function and will impact on increasing morbidity and mortality. Red palm oil (RPO) and crude palm oil (CPO) is the richest naturally occurring source of β-carotene, a carotenoids that the human body can convert into usable vitamin A (retinol). Addition of red palm oil on palm sugar is one of the alternatives food-based VAD prevention efforts. The aim of this research were: 1) to determine the amount of the addition of RPO or CPO which produces carotene rich coconut palm sugar and acceptable sensory, 2) to analyze carotene retention over the processing and storage of coconut palm sugar, 3) to evaluate the effect of feeding red palm oil enriched palm sugar on vitamin A status and level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) of vitamin A depletion rats. Two types of provitamin A enriched coconut palm sugar were made by adding RPO or CPO each of 30 ml, 60 ml, 90 ml/ 10 L of toddy and packaged by two technique of packaging, i.e.: single packaging ( polypropylene/PP plastics) and double packaging (polypropylene plastics + brown paper). Addition of 30 ml/10 L of toddy was the best result based on sensory aspects and had the highest acceptance in taste, texture and overall acceptability which is similar with the control sugar and used in the next step of this research. The total carotene content and carotene retention increased with the increasing addition of red palm oil, but in the other hand the texture were softened. The total carotene content and carotene retention of CPO and RPO enriched coconut palm sugar were 1337 μg/100 g and 25.30 percent and 3946 μg/100 g and 63.38 percent, respectively. After stored for 2 months, the level of total carotenoids of red palm oil enriched coconut palm sugar decreased between 4.89 to 49.79 percent with carotene content between 703 μg/100 g up to 13383 μg/100 g. The decreased level of total carotene in one-month and two-month storage of palm sugars enriched with RPO was higher (17.48 and 24.47 percent) compared to CPO enriched coconut palm sugar (7.47 and 12.95 percent) (p<0.05). The use of double packaging (polypropylene plastic + brown paper) is able to inhibit the decrease in total carotenoid up to 4 to 6.67 percent, better than the single packaging. The longer the storage, moisture content of product increased. However, after stored up to 2 months, the water content in all treatments was in range of SNI-01-3743-1995 standard (< 10 percent) which is between 8.55 up to 9.94 percent. Study to evaluate the effect of feeding coconut palm sugar enriched with RPO or CPO on improving status of vitamin A and immune was done by using thirty six-weeks old-male Sprague Dawley rats. After 2 weeks of adaptation period, rats were given vitamin A deficient diet for 10 weeks as depletion period, vii and then divided into 3 groups and received the different treatment for 4 weeks as repletion period: 1) CPO group which received crude palm oil enriched coconut palm sugar, 2) RPO group which received red palm oil enriched coconut palm sugar and 3) RE group which received retinyl palmitate. Each treatment contained approximately 40 μg beta carotene/day. Increasing on liver retinol concentration in rat administered retinyl-palmitat was higher than in rat administered CPO or RPO enriched coconut palm sugar (p=0.0136). On the other hand, serum immunoglobulin G ((IgG) level of animal administered brown sugar containing CPO or RPO were higher than in rat administered retinyl palmitate (p=0.0073). However, administering of fortified coconut palm sugar both of CPO and RPO for 2 - 4 weeks can improve vitamin A status to above cut off point which increase from 0.063 μmol/g liver up to 0.107- 0.117 μmol/g liver in CPO group and 0.079 – 0.102 μmol/g liver in RPO group. Likewise, the immune status were increased during 4 weeks intervention, which is indicated by increasing levels of serum IgG in both groups of CPO and RPO, that is equal to 225 and 216.01 percent, respectively. From this research we conclude that coconut palm sugar enriched with CPO or RPO were potentially as food-based intervention to overcome vitamin A deficiency.
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