Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of Bandicoot Echymipera kalubu (Marsupialia: Peroryctidae).
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Date
2013Author
Maker, Ursula Paulawati
Nisa, Chairun
Agungpriyono, Srihadi
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Bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) is one of marsupial which belonging to peroryctidae as well classified as endemic in Papua Island. In Papua, that species has been commonly utilized for dishes as source of protein, and traditional medicine purposed. Therefore, it requires a conservation effort in order to provide sustainability. Biological information of E. kalubu as a baseline data was quite limited. Aim of this study was to assess morphological characteristics of the digestive tract of E. kalubu’s (Marsupialia: Peroryctidae) macroscopically, microscopically and histochemically. The study was used five of adult E. kalubu with the average of body weight was 1.16 ± 0.29 kg and length of head and body was 38.2 ± 4.76 cm. Macroscopic observation were consist of morphological characteristic and morfometric of the body and the digestive track including situs viscerum. Firstly the animals was anaesthetized by combination of 50mg/kg BB Ketamine® and 10mg/kg BB Xylazine® by IM injection. The microscopic observation was used of HE, AB pH 2.5 and PAS staining methods. The result was documented with Cannon EOS 400D and microscope facilitated with Nikon Eclipse E600 for macro- and microphotography respectively. The results were then analyzed descriptively and presenting on tables and figures. Esophagus of E. kalubu was quite long with 10.92 ± 1.97 cm in length and 0.28 cm in diameter, and located along dorsamedial tracheal tube. The stomach was located in the cranial part of the left abdominal cavity. The anterior part was adjacent to diaphragm muscle, the ventro medial was covered by liver and the lateral part by spleen. The stomach of E. kalubu was simple type with short lesser curvature. The length of greater curvature was 9.1 ± 2.2 cm dan lesser curvature was 2.1 ± 0,6 cm. The intestine was relatively short that were 77.5 ± 14.4 cm in length or about two times of the body length. About ± 1.8 cm of cranial part of small intestine was piercing of both bile duct and pancreatic duct to the duodenal mucosa. However, the small and large intestines could be distinguished by the presence of caecum that was 3.4 ± 0.68 cm in length. The mucosae of esophagus E. kalubu was consist of stratified squamous epithelium with no keratinization. At the border of esophagus and stomach, the epithelium was change abruptly to a simple columnar epithelium. The muscularis mucosae was composed of smooth muscle which tends to be thicker to the caudal. The mucus type of esophageal glands were examined in the submucosal layer. The glands were found in large number in the cranial and decreased gradually toward the caudal. The number of esophageal gland was allegedly to be related to the long size of esophagus which was necessary for lubricating of food. The muscularis externa as long as the esophagus of E. kalubu were consisted of skeletal muscle. Existence of the skeletal muscle in the whole parts of esophagus presumed that mechanical function of esophagus was dominant. The glandular stomach of E. kalubu’s was differentiated as cardiac, proper gastric (fundic) and pyloric glands region. The cardiac gland was quite narrow and found in the esophageal junction. The gland was simple and short tubular which composed of cuboidal cells with nuclei located in the basal. Cardiac gland producing mucus provide to protect the esophageal mucosae from the possibility of reflux ingesta. Meanwhile, the fundic gland region was the largest area mostly at the greater curvature. It has at least four types of cells i.e. parietal, chief, neck and mucous epithelium cells. The parietal cell was big size with round nuclei in the centre. The cell was found in large number in greater curvature, and small number in lesser curvature. In greater curvature, the parietal cells were distributed from basal toward the neck and mostly found in the middle part. Its cells were secreted HCl to activate pepsinogen to pepsin. The large number of parietal cells suggests that the cells were play important role in digestive process of E. kalubu. The chief cells were found in the moderate number at the greater curvature instead of the lesser curvature. The chief cells were mostly distributed in the basal and less in the middle between the parietal cells. The cells were produced pepsinogen which is an inactive form of pepsin. The pyloric glands composed of simple tubular, branched which has a deep gastric pit. The gland was a mucous type and found in one third of caudal part of the stomach. At the border of pylorus and intestine, there was a thickened muscle made asymmetrical sphincter. The sphincter plays a role in regulating of food passages from stomach to intestine. There were relatively short of vili found in the mucosa lining of intestine in adjacent with the stomach and lined with goblet cells. In the submucosal layers of cranial duodenum of E. kalubu were found submucosal (Brunner) glands which restricted in collar. Brunner gland was secreted alkaline substance that function to neutralize acidity of ingesta from stomach, so it does not interfere working of enzymes in intestine. The vili sized tends to increase from duodenum to jejunum and decrease to ileum.. The mucosae of large intestine was lack of vili. Meanwhile the number of goblet cell increasing towards caudally. The high consentration of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide were examined in the esophageal glands of E. kalubu. In the stomach glands i.e cardiac, fundic, and pyloric glands were identified neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide that varies in intensity. In the intestine glands and goblet cells which were scattered along small and large intestine were also identified neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide that varies in intensity. The neutral mucopolysaccharide was main content of the mucous in the digestive tract. Neutral mucopolysaccharide in the stomach was provide to neutralize of acid and protecting the stomach mucosa against HCl. While acid mucopolysaccharide was provide to protect the digestive tract from potential patogen wich entered together food.
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