Natural Cross-pollination in Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and Its Breeding Methods Determination.

Abstract

Chili was known as self-pollinated crops. Some characteristics of selfpollinated crops are having a natural cross-pollination percentage below 4-5%, generally directed to be pure line varieties, and have a low heterosis and inbreeding depression. However, the chili pepper varieties in Indonesia currently are dominated by hybrid varieties and not pure line varieties. That is happens because there were chili pepper genotypes that behaves like a cross-pollinated, as have the high heterosis and the high percentages of natural cross-pollination. Natural cross-pollination information was not consistent led to studies of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper is important to do, so it can be used to determining the methods and the direction in chili pepper program. The aims of this study were to obtain the markers of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper, to compared the level of natural cross-pollination in some genotypes of chili pepper and to compared the heterosis, inbreeding depression, and response selection two population of chili pepper. This study was consisted of three experiments. First, estimation of several genetic parameters on qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Second, study of natural crosspollination in some genotypes of chili pepper. Third, estimation of several genetic parameters in two population of chili peppers that have different level of natural cross-pollination. The results of the first experiment showed that the color of hypocotyl and cotyledon characters were effective and efficient markers to evaluate the incidence of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper. These were because both of characters controlled by single gene and not influenced by environment. In addition, its can be observed in short time and does not require an expensive cost. The result of the second experiment showed that the IPB C2 genotype has higher natural cross-pollination level than the IPB C5 and IPB C120 genotypes. This was highly influenced by level of crossability and stigma position each of genotypes. The higher level of crossability with stigma position higher than anther causes the higher level of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper. The third experiment result showed that the IPB C2 x IPB C5 population has a higher heterosis and inbreeding depression than IPB C120 x IPB C5 population. This was highly influenced by the parents were used at the formation of the population. The population was formed by the parents with the high level of natural cross pollination has a higher heterosis and inbreeding depression than the population was formed by the parents with low level of natural crosspollination.