Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) var. tenera in vitro embryogenesis effectiveness from young leaves, mature zygotic embryo and immature female flower explants
Keefektifan embriogenesis in vitro kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. var. Tenera) dari eksplan daun muda, embrio zigotik matang dan bunga betina immature
Date
2012Author
Constantin, Mondjeli
Wiendi, Ni Made Armini
Wachjar, Ade
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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important commercial crop for all the producer countries. It is the world‟s leading vegetable oil crop. In the last decade, the interest in palm oil as biofuel was eventually caused constraints on worldwide supply for edible palm oil. In addition, low production and lack of conventional seeds and seedlings are always observed from the potential producer countries. More than one hundred million of tissue culture plantlets are needed per year. Indonesia is the largest world producer country with about 23 million tons of palm oil per year. The study was carried out to find in short term the optimum medium for callus induction and somatic embryo formation from young leaves, mature zygotic embryo and immature female flower explants of oil palm (E.guineensis Jacq.) var.Tenera. Three different independent experiments related to explant sources of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) var. Tenera include young leaf, mature zygotic embryo and immature female flower explants isolated from 9 and 13 years old trees were investigated on somatic embryos production. These explants were inoculated onto solid modified MS and Eeuwens basal medium containing 107.41μM NAA and associated with 0, 22.62, 45.24 or 67.86 μM 2,4-D and onto another MS basal medium with high concentration 450μM picloram or 450 μM 2,4-D in the presence of 0,03% (w/v) activated charcoal to induce embryogenic calli. The percentage of oxidation was ranged from 25 to 100% for leaf explant and from 0 to 46.67% for zygotic embryo explant, while it was 100% for female flower explant. The level of contamination was varied from 1.11 to 100 % for leaf explant, from 0 to 35.56% for zygotic embryo explant, and 8.33 to 41.67% for female flower explant. After 28 weeks of culture, compact and pearly-white, globular callus was obtained from the leaf number five (L5). The media 2,4-D and NAA concentration (67.86 and 107.41μM) respectively combination was the optimal media for embryogenic callus induction, while the media containing only NAA (107.41μM) induced the highest percentage of calli formation (30.56%). After 36 weeks of culture, direct embryoids was obtained from leaf number six (L6) onto the media containing the combination of NAA (107.41μM) and 2,4-D (45.24 μM). According to zygotic embryo explant, the best result (7.90%) of embryogenic callus was achieved onto Eeuwens media containing NAA (107.41μM) after 28 weeks. Highest percentage (38.33%) of direct shoot development was also obtained from the same media NAA (107.41μM). For female flower explant no callogenesis was observed during the study period. After 4 subsequent subcultures onto the same medium with gradually reduction of auxin concentration, the embryogenic callus and embryoid cells from young leaves and mature zygotic embryo explants, failed to develop during the time require for this study.
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- MT - Agriculture [3778]