Analysis Of Lead (Pb) Bioaccumulation In Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Nilotica) And Jambal Catfish (Pangasius Djambal) Cultivated In The Old Lake Formated By Tin Mining Activity In Bangka Belitung
Analisis Bioakumulasi Timbal (Pb) Pada Ikan Nila Merah (Oreochromis nilotica) dan Patin Jambal (Pangasius djambal) yang Dibudidayakan di Kolong Tua pasca Tambang Timah Bangka Belitung
Abstract
The consequences of tin mining activity is the formation large basin-shaped holes filled with water in which the local (Bangka Belitung islands) term is a Kolong or Camuy (lake). Heavy metal concentrations are still high in all the pit and endangering human health; is the image that is in today's society so that people refused to eat the fish from or doing aquaculture activities in kolong. The study was conducted from October 2011 to February 2012 in Kolong Grasi, District Sungailiat Bangka Regency, Province of Bangka Belitung Archipelago at coordinates S01052.464 '; E106007.005. Chemical analysis carried out at the Laboratory of Industrial Technology of Agricultural, Aquaculture Environmental Laboratory, Fish Nutrition Laboratory, IPB. Materials used in this study are meats, gills, liver and kidneys of red tilapia and jambal catfish. Organ samples taken each month from October 2011 to February 2012. Chemicals for testing heavy metal Pb is the standard solution at a concentration of 1000ppm Pb from BDH, concentrated nitric acid from Merck and distilled water. The equipment used is the pH meter, DO meter, analytical neraca, a ruler, a set of surgical instruments, two units of floating net cage with the dimension 3m x 3m x 2m of each, and pH-meters, a set of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry tools (AAS) AA 300 P type from Varian Techtron Australia, 50ml beaker glass, 10 ml volumetric flask, 5ml vial size polyethylene, 10-100mL effendorf micro pipettes, analytical balance, furnace, hot plate, Mercury Vaporise Unit (MVU) and other glassware equipment used in labs. The study began with measurements of heavy metals lead (Pb) in water and sediment once at the beginning of the study. Measurement of water quality include physical parameters are: temperature, pH, brightness, and chemical parameters including DO, CO2. Measurements were made directly in the field. Measurement of chemical parameters such as: Total Organic Matter (TOM) and Pb performed in the laboratory at the beginning of the fish culture period and then performed each month at the site of cultivation. Measurement of Pb content in the sediment is also done once in the early of the study. All data was analyzed using the comparison of two mean values (t-test). The results of gut contents identification of fish are presented in tabulated and all the relationships described in the descriptive parameters. Physico-chemical quality of water in Kolong Grasi is ideal for red tilapia aquaculture and jambal catfish. Several parameters such as temperature, brightness decreased and increased levels of TOM in January 2012 and did not occur in previous months dueto the rainy season in January 2012. Pb heavy metal content in the red tilapia was found in the first month of cultivation, the month of November is 0,085μg/g in liver. In the third month (January 2012), lead is found in almost every organ of red tilapia and exceed safe levels for consumption, ie 8,41 μg/g in the gills, 93,98 μg/g in kidney, 62,14 μg/g in the liver and undetectable in meat. Accumulation of the heavy metal in the meat of red tilapia is found 0,188 μg/g in the mont of fourth (February 2012). The highest content of the heavy metal found in the kidney of red tilapia in the month of third (January 2012) at 93,98 μg/g. Pb heavy metal in the jambal catfish start found in the second month, the month of December 2011 on the kidney and meat measured 0,032 μg/g and 0177 μg/g, respectively. In the third month (January 2012) Pb is found in almost every organ of jambal above safe levels for consumption, ie 55,23 μg/g in the gills, 15,39 μg/g in liver, and 40,56 μg/g in the flesh. The highest content of the heavy metal found in the gills in the third month, i.e 55,23 μg/g. Decrease in water temperature and pH as well as increased brightness in January 2012 impact on increasing the accumulation of Pb in several tested fish organs. Pb was found 8,41 μg/g in red tilapia gills and 55,23 μg/g in the gills of the jambal catfish. Decrease in water temperature and pH also resulted in an increase of Pb accumulation in the meats of jambal catfish, which amounted to 40,56 μg/g, while in the red tilapia were not measurable. Content of lead of red tilapia were 62,14 μg/g in liver, whereas in the liver of jambal catfish was 15,39 μg/g. Content of the heavy metal was also found in the kidneys of red tilapia 93,98 μg/g whereas in jambal catfish jamball in the month of January 2012 (3thmonths)was.not.found. During the four months of cultivation, the accumulation of heavy metals Pb that occur in every organ of observation not had a significant influence to the growth rate of red tilapia. Accumulation number of Pb from the first month to the second month of cultivation in each organ of red tilapia almost no immeasurable followed by increase in the rate of growth of red tilapia because the body is still growing well without being distracted pollutants. Accumulation of Pb which was measured from the second to third month of cultivation in the gills, liver and kidneys, resulting in not decreased growth rate of red tilapia. Decrease in the rate of growth continues to occur from the third month up to four months of cultivation. The results revealed that the increased accumulation of Pb in several organ systems can’t affect the body's metabolism so that the energy of red tilapia from the feed for growth, more used to defend the body from pollutants. During the four months of cultivation, the accumulation of heavy metals Pb that occur in every organ of observation had a significant influence to the growth rate of jambal catfish. Accumulation of Pb in each jambal catfish organs in the first and second months of cultivation is almost immeasurable but still lowering the rate of growth since the first month. The jambal catfish body already polluted with the heavy metals, as evidenced by Pb measured in the meats and kidney in the second month of cultivation. Pb content in sediment trap is not related to the amount of accumulated Lead in tested fish organs and income lines derived from the food chain.
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