The intrinsic function of forest resource and endogenous factors of economic growth as determinants of regional development of Lampung Province.
Fungsi Intrinsik Hutan dan Faktor Endogenik Pertumbuhan Ekonomi sebagai Determinan Pembangunan Wilayah Provinsi Lampung.
Date
2012Author
Bakri, Samsul
Darusman, Dudung
Juanda, Bambang
Bahruni
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Liquidation of forest resource for regional development programs in Lampung Province has produced higher rent of some land utilizations and has enhanced its regional welfare. The process, however, has also escalated the environmental deterioration such as the flood and landslide intensities as well as the land degradation. The deforestation process of the main resource endowment in the region would be lasting together with the next development activities anyhow. This research was objected to: (1) determine the maximum tolerable threshold of extended deforestation that would not sacrifice the possible next welfare achievement, (2) build a praxis of regional development based on endogenous economics growth theory. Data of land use series and social characteristics as well as economic were collected from secondary resources. Having employed a linear model for determining maximum tolerable of extended deforestation and the analyses of some simultaneous regressions in developing praxis on regional planning, it concluded: (1) deforestation has been a constraint element in regional development in Lampung Province, so that there is no extending deforestation allowed any longer except for the areas of people’s forest and coffee farm that lied on the down stream only with the maximum acreages of 1,006 Ha and 5,378 ha respectively in case those area were converted to the estate plantation; (2) under the natural resource and the environmental deterioration constraints, the endogenous factors (leadership, institution and entrepreneurship) were reliable capitals in the praxis of the regional development through enhancement of income per capita in agriculture sector to bolster small industries empowerment and to accelerate economic growth that its benefit must be transmitted to enhance the farmer’s parity in order to sustain the regional welfare development, (3) reforestation would enhanced local tax revenue without causing social injury as long as accompanied by the increasing the local government spending for public investment as well as spending on social aid. Penelitian Naidoo (2004) di 77 negara menyimpulkan bahwa deforestasi umumnya dapat mempercepat pertumbuhan maupun transformasi struktural perekonomian dari corak yang mengandalkan eksploitasi sumberdaya alam menjadi perekonomian berbasis industri yang mengandalkan tenaga kerja terampil. Makin awal dan makin luas deforestasi dilakukan, maka pertumbuhan ekonomi makin cepat dicapai. Capaian tersebut dapat diraih karena ekspor hasil hutan dapat digunakan untuk tabungan dan investasi dalam sektor-sektor perekonomian yang memiliki rente lebih tinggi seperti perkebunan, pertanian, perdagangan dan perindustrian serta yang lebih peting lagi untuk investasi pendidikan sehingga tersedia tenaga terampil. Fenomena ini juga dialami oleh berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Melalui korbanan deforestasi itu, misalnya kini Provinsi Lampung menurut Ditjenbun (2009) telah menjadi eksportir kopi nasional ke dua (21,67%) setelah Sumatera Selatan (22,35%) dari total ekspor kopi nasional. Dengan kontribusi tersebut, maka telah menempatkan Indonesia sebagai pengekspor kopi peringkat ke tiga setelah Brasilia dan Vietnam. Agak berbeda dengan deskripsi yang disampaikan oleh Naidoo (2004), kini laju deforestasi di Provinsi Lampung nampaknya telah melampaui daya regenerasinya sehingga fungsi intrinsiknya menjadi begitu merosot. Gejala ketidakbersinambungan pembangunan itu diindikasikan oleh buruknya capaian kinerja indikator makro pembangunan ekonomi wilayah. Menurut BPS Provinsi Lampung (2010), Lampung merupakan Provinsi termiskin ke tiga di Sumatera, untuk periode 2000-2008 rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya 4,87[Sd=0,82]%, dengan PDRB/Kpt baru Rp 4,41[Sd=0,57]Juta dan tingkat kemiskinan masih 21,63[Sd=2,89]% serta capaian HDI (Human Development Index) 68,25 [Sd=2,17]. Sedangkan secara nasional untuk periode tersebut menurut BPS (2010) telah mencapai: pertumbuhan ekonomi 5,52[Sd=0,65]%, dengan PDB/Kpt Rp 8,08 [0,68]Juta dan tingkat kemiskinan dapat ditekan pada angka 16,09[Sd=0,64]% dan HDI 70,32[Sd=1,10]. Bersisian dengan itu, tutupan hutan di Provinsi Lampung telah terdegradasi akut yaitu 80% di hutan lindung, 76% di hutan produksi, 71% di hutan produksi terbatas, 70% di Tahura, 36% di Taman Nasional Way Kambas & 16% di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (Dishut 2005 Provinsi Lampung dikutip Watala, 2008).