Dinamika kolonisasi tiga fungi ektomikoriza scleroderma spp. dan hubungannya dengan pertumbuhan tanaman inang
Colonization dynamics of three ectomycorrhizal fungi scleroderma spp. and their role on host plant growth
Date
2010Author
Riniarti, Melya
Dipterocarpaceae
ectomycorrhizal fungi,
Gnetaceae,
host specificity
Pinaceae,
Scleroderma
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Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis represented one of the most important mutualistic association in forest ecosystem. Scleroderma spp. have already been known as ectomycorrhizal fungi which could form symbioses with Dipterocarpaceae, Pinaceae, and Gnetaceae. This study was conducted in three steps, (1) Compatibility test of three ectomycorrhizal fungi Scleroderma spp. under in vitro condition. The aim of this study was to determine the mycelial antagonism and interaction patterns among the fungus under in vitro condition. Three species Scleroderma spp. were cultured on solid Modified Melin Norkrans (MMN) medium. Each fungus was cultured as single, pairs and triple combinations. A completely randomized design were used with 7 treatments and 8 replicates Petri dishes. We found that the radial growth of S. sinnamariense mycelia was two times faster than S. columnare and S. dictyosporum. There was no antagonism pattern between fungal mycelia when they grown together. (2) Colonization dynamics of three ectomycorrhizal fungi Scleroderma spp. and their relation to host plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine the compatibility and specificity of each ectomycorrhizal fungi with the host plants, and the effect on host plants growth. S. columnare, S. dictyosporum and S. sinnamariense were inoculated in single-, two-, and three- species treatments to Shorea pinanga, Pinus merkusii and Gnetum gnemon seedlings using spores suspension. After 6, 8, and 10 months of inoculation, seedlings were harvested to determine colonization percentage, height and diameter growth, and plant biomass. The results revealed that S. sinnamariense did not form association with S. pinanga and P. merkusii but form association with G. gnemon. On the other hand, S. columnare and S. dictyosporum both in single- and multi- species treatments could form association with all the host plants. Generally, Scleroderma spp. increased the growth of host plants. The last was (3) Root characteristics of ectomycorrhizal fungi on S. pinanga, P. merkusii, and G. gnemon. The aim of this study was to determine the morphology (hyphae colour, branching pattern, clamp-connection) and anatomy (mantel and Hartig net) of ectomycorrhizal roots in each host plants which associated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus. This result revealed that morphology were affected by fungi, while branching pattern and Hartig net were affected by plants. S. pinanga dan G. gnemon were have monopodial branching pattern which P. merkusii was dichotomously branching pattern. The depth of mantels and Hartig net were increase by time. The Hartig net was only at epidermis S. pinanga and G. gnemon, while its penetrated in cortex on P. merkusii. Fungi ektomikoriza memainkan peranan penting dalam berbagai ekosistem, melalui keterlibatannya dalam siklus karbon dan nutrisi, jejaring makanan di bawah tanah, serta dinamika komunitas tanaman. Fungi ektomikoriza merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam ekosistem hutan, dan diketahui membentuk simbiosis dengan sebagian besar tanaman kehutanan. Scleroderma merupakan genus fungi ektomikoriza yang diketahui dapat membentuk simbiosis dengan Dipterocarpaceae, Pinaceae, dan Gnetaceae. Simbiosis dengan fungi ektomikoriza akan membantu pertumbuhan dan ketahanan hidup tanaman inang karena fungi ektomikoriza akan membantu dalam penyerapan unsur hara dan air, meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap patogen dan meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap kekeringan. Beberapa fungi ektomikoriza juga menghasilkan tubuh buah yang dapat dikonsumsi (edible mushroom). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan menggunakan tiga tanaman inang yang mewakili tiga famili, yaitu Shorea pinanga (Dipterocarpaceae-Angiospermae); Pinus merkusii (Pinaceae-Gymnospermae) dan Gnetum gnemon (Gnetaceae-peralihan gymnospermae ke angiospermae). Fungi ektomikoriza Scleroderma spp. yang digunakan adalah jenis yang secara alami bersimbiosis dengan ketiga tanaman inang yang digunakan yaitu: S. columnare bersimbiosis dengan S. pinanga; S. dictyosporum bersimbiosis dengan P. merkusii dan S. sinnamariense bersimbiosis dengan G. gnemon. Tujuan umum penelitian ini ialah mempelajari interaksi antar fungi ektomikoriza pada tanaman inang yang sama, yang berkaitan dengan fungsi dan peranan masing-masing fungi ektomikoriza sehubungan dengan upaya peningkatan pertumbuhan dan ketahanan hidup tanaman inang. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahapan. Penelitian 1 berjudul “Uji Kompatibilitas Tiga Jenis Fungi Ektomikoriza Scleroderma spp. Secara In Vitro”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan serta hubungan yang terbentuk antar fungi ektomikoriza Scleroderma spp. secara in vitro. Pada penelitian ini ketiga jenis Scleroderma spp. dibiakkan pada media kultur MMN padat (Modified Melin Norkrans). Perlakuan yang diberikan ialah pembiakan miselium Scleroderma spp. secara terpisah, dua isolat bersamaan dan tiga isolat bersamaan. Penelitian ini disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengap (RAL) dengan 7 perlakuan dan delapan ulangan. Peubah yang diamati ialah kecepatan awal waktu pertumbuhan miselium dan diameter pertumbuhan koloni masing-masing fungi ektomikoriza.
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