Kebijakan pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan Di Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat Maluku
Policy of sustanaible mangrove forest management in Western Part of Seram Regency, Maluku
Date
2010Author
Pattimahu, Debby Vemiancy
Kusmana, Cecep
Hardjomodjojo, Hartrisari
Darusman, Dudung
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The aims of this study are: 1). Determining the indicators of sustanaible mangrove forest ecosystems ; 2). Analyzing ecological, economic and social conditions of communities in mangrove forest ecosystems; 3). Analyzing the sustainability index of mangrove forest management ; 4). Determining policy of sustainable mangrove forest management . The study was conducted in four sequential stages, i.e., first: determining the indicators of sustainable mangrove forest ecosystems based on literature studies and field observations; second: inventing and analyzing the ecological, economic and social conditions. Ecological aspects were analyzed using vegetation analysis, descriptive analysis and land cover change analysis; economic aspects by using Economic Value (Direct Use Value) analysis that produced direct benefits value of mangrove forests to the community, also descriptive analysis to determine the role of forests mangrove areas in economic development; social aspects by using descriptive analysis. This analysis described the social conditions of communities around mangrove forest; third: analyzing the sustainability index value of mangrove forest management systems using methods Rap-Mforest and the fourth: determining priority policy in mangrove forest management systems in West Seram Regency. This policy was arranged in priority policy hierarchy using AHP model. Vegetation analysis showed there are 12 mangrove species, namely: R. stylosa, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, B. gymnorrhiza, C. tagal, L. racemosa, A. officinalis, A. alba, X. moluccensis, O. octodenta, H. litoralis and A. corniculatum. Mangrove animals conditions commonly encountered include: aves, mammals, reptiles, fishes and crustaceans. Results of image Landsat 7 ETM + overlay indicated that mangrove forests area in Western Part of Seram in two years was decreased approximately 174 ha or 7.4%. This affected mangrove land cover changes, because of mangrove exploitation by local communities, expansion of settlements, plantations and clearing ponds.Economic analysis showed that direct benefits value derived from each activity was Rp 7,445,373.01 hectares / year, with total operational costs of the community in mangrove forest ecosystems usage was Rp 4,348,114.94 per hectare per year, so that profit was Rp 3,097,258.07 per hectare per year. The low public education level study sites became the main obstacle in improving their knowledge about the importance of mangrove forest ecosystems. Low education level impacted public perception on the lack of mangrove conservation importance so that they used mangrove forests to fullfill their needs. Based on Rap-Mforest analysis, multidimensional index of mangrove forest management systems was 36.08% (less sustainable), ecological dimension has highest index value was 79.95% (sustainable), then economic dimension index was 33.56% (less sustainable) and the lowest social dimensions index was 22.96% (not sustanaible). Based on AHP analysis, the main priority policy in Ekosistem mangrove di Indonesia mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati tertinggi di dunia dengan jumlah species 89 jenis yang terdiri dari 35 species pohon, 5 jenis terna, 9 jenis perdu, 9 jenis liana, 29 jenis epifit dan 2 jenis parasit (Soemadihardjo et al., 1993 dalam Kusmana, 2003). Beberapa jenis pohon mangrove yang umum dijumpai di wilayah pesisir Indonesia adalah Rhizopora spp., Avicennia spp., Sonneratia spp., Bruguiera spp., Xylocarpus spp., Ceriops spp. dan Excoceria spp.. Spesies pohon tersebut berasosiasi dengan ribuan spesies mamalia, burung, ikan dan invertebrata (IUCN, 1993). Kondisi hutan mangrove di Indonesia saat ini telah mengalami banyak kerusakan. Kusmana (2003) menyatakan bahwa kerusakan ekosistem mangrove terjadi karena pengaruh faktor alam dan faktor manusia. Secara alamiah kerusakan mangrove terjadi karena adanya sedimentasi maupun kenaikan permukaan air laut. Sedangkan faktor manusia seperti eksploitasi mangrove yang tidak terkendali, konversi lahan untuk peruntukan lainnya serta pencemaran di perairan estuaria dan lokasi tumbuhnya mangrove. Kondisi lingkungan akibat tingginya aktivitas manusia pada beberapa wilayah pesisir di Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat telah menyebabkan komunitas mangrove pada beberapa areal mengalami tekanan yang cukup tinggi. Permasalahan yang ditemukan adalah masih kurangnya kesadaran sebagian besar masyarakat terhadap peranan komunitas mangrove terhadap lingkungan sekitar, termasuk terhadap kehidupan manusia. Penebangan hutan mangrove secara semena-mena oleh sebagian masyarakat masih saja terjadi, terutama pada perairan pantai yang terletak dekat dengan daerah pemukiman. Hal ini mengakibatkan komunitas mangrove mengalami tekanan pertumbuhan yang ditandai dengan terjadinya penurunan kerapatan vegetasi dan penyusutan luas lahan mangrove. Kondisi hutan mangrove ini akan bertambah parah karena belum adanya Peraturan Daerah yang spesifik mengatur tentang kebijakan pengelolaan ekosistem hutan mangrove di kabupaten tersebut.