Rekayasa proses ekstraksi minyak biji Kamandrah (Croton tiglium L.) dengan pengempaan dan pengembangannya sebagai larvasida nabati pencegah penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue

Abstract

Kamandrah (Croton triglium L.) is one of many medicinal plants found in the some parts of Indonesia. Kamandrah seeds produce oil that can be used as biolarvacide. The objectives of this research were to study larvacidal activity of the ingredients contained in the seed extract of kamandrah; to get optimum conditions of kamandrah seed extraction using pressing method; to provide processing technology of larvacide production; and to analyze the financial feasibility of the product. The results of proximate analysis of kamandrah seed oil showed that it contained 6.29% water, 3.6% ash, 53.73% fat, 11.98% protein, 8.25% crude fiber, and 16.15% carbohydrates (by difference). Kamandrah fruits harvested at the age of 42 days after flowering (fully brown rind colour) were the most effective as larvacide against A. aegepty larvae. The yield of oil was 20.42% and the LC50 value was as much as 132.67 ppm (24 hours) and 70.08 ppm (48 hours). The acid number of the oil was 8.76 mg KOH/g oil; free fatty acid level was 4.36 mg KOH/g oil; peroxide number was 3.59 meq O/100g; refractive index was 1.4783; specific gravity was 0.9466 g/ml and colour values were 73.03, 64.13, and 3.26 for L*, a* and b*, respectively. The two major unsaturated fatty acids components in kamandrah oil were oleic acid (42.33%) and linoleic acid (2.03%). The results of GC-MS analysis with NIST library search showed that the active ingredients predicted as insecticide were piperidine and 1,4- naphthoquinone while the result of identification with a library pest.l showed the the active ingredients were butacarboxim compound, 2,3,6-trichlorphenol, dnoc, and propamocarb. Based on optimization of kamandrah seed extraction process, the optimum conditions to obtain the optimum yield, LC50 and LC90 values using canonical analysis were heating temperature of 85oC, pressure of 10.54 Pa, and heating time of 15 minutes. The response values for yield, LC50 and LC90 at this optimum condition were 29%, 41,85 ppm, and 87,51 ppm, respectively. The results of product design for the plant-derived (vegetable) larvacide made from kamandrah oil showed that the best form was sustained released granules, which was non-irritating to eyes and skin, with LC50 values of 1,039 ppm (24 hours) and 718 ppm (48 hours). Financial analysis showed that the larvacide produced from oil extract of kamandrah seed was feasible to be developed and produced with NPV of Rp. 25.509.663.712, IRR of 32.9%, Net B/C ratio of 1.4 and PBP of 5.9 years.

Indonesia terkenal kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati, termasuk jenis tumbuhan yang mengandung bahan aktif insektisida. Tanaman kamandrah (Croton tiglium L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang banyak terdapat di Kalimantan dan wilayah lain di Indonesia. Berdasarkan kearifan lokal di masyarakat biji C. tiglium L. banyak memanfaatkan sebagai obat pencahar, racun ikan, obat kembung dan pembunuh jentik nyamuk, daunnya sebagai obat penurun panas, sedangkan ranting/dahan dan batang sebagai pengusir nyamuk. Kandungan biji kamandrah hasil analisis proksimat adalah kadar air 6,29%, kadar abu 3,6%, kadar lemak 53,73%, kadar protein 11,98%, serat kasar 8,25%, dan karbohidrat (by difference) 16,15%. Semakin tua umur buah kamandrah berdampak kepada peningkatan rendemen minyak dan kandungan senyawa aktif yang terdapat dalam biji kamandrah akan semakin tinggi pula, ditunjukkan dengan penurunan nilai LC50 dan LC90 daripada pengamatan 24 jam dan 48 jam pada buah muda ke buah tua, yaitu berturut-turut dari 385,480 ppm menjadi 132,669 dan dari 189,18 ppm menjadi 70,08 ppm. Hasil analisis minyak kamandrah dengan GC menunjukkan 16 puncak, dari 16 puncak tersebut yang teridentifikasi sebagai asam lemak ada 6 puncak selebihnya tidak teridentifikasi. Dua komponen asam lemak tidak jenuh tertinggi adalah asam oleat 42,33% dan asam linolieat 2,03%, diikuti asam stearat 13,33%, asam miristat 5,02%, asam palmitat 3,81% dan asam laurat 1,02%.