Peranan kredit mikro dan kecil terhadap kinerja usaha kecil dan ekonomi wilayah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Abstract

Development of the Indonesian economy can not be separated from the role of micro and small enterprises. This strategic role can be seen from the number of enterprise units, providing employment opportunities, as well as the contribution of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Hence efforts to develop and strengthen the potential of small enterprises at the local level should be able to form strong and independent local economic entity by improving the role of micro and small credits. The objectives of the research were, (1) to analyze the influence of micro and small credits on small enterprises performance, (2) to analyze the influence of micro and small credits from microfinance institutions on the regional economy, and (3) to formulate the policies for development of micro and small credits that can promote the performance of small enterprises. This research used an econometric analysis in the form of simultaneous equation towards two models, (1) the model of small enterprises economic consists of eight behavioral equations and three identity relationships, and (2) the model of credit and regional economy linkage consists of eleven behavioral equations and two identity relationships. Estimation for structural equation parameters used the method of Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS). The research conclusions are as follows: (1) the micro and small credits have an influence on the enterprise revenue, which is the main performance indicator of small enterprises, (2) the micro and small credits taken by these small enterprises will increases with the reduced interest rates, which in turn will increase the enterprise capital, the use of raw materials, fuel and labor, and finally increase the enterprise revenue, (3) the micro and small credits from cooperatives and commercial banks as well as from rural banks have only a little influence each on the GRDP in the manufacturing and trade sector as well as the services sector as a proxy of regional economy. Nevertheless the micro and small credits from rural banks and cooperatives can not be showed significantly influence in GRDP of agriculture sector, and (4) the simultaneous combination of policies with an increased credits taken by small enterprises, increased selling price of product, and expansion of product marketing areas will bring about the greatest increase in a row on: enterprise capital, enterprise revenue, enterprise income, and the use of raw materials.

Perkembangan perekonomian Indonesia tidak terlepas dari adanya peran usaha mikro dan kecil. Peran strategis ini dapat dilihat dari jumlah unit usaha, penyediaan lapangan kerja, serta kontribusi dalam Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB). Karena itu upaya pengembangan dan penguatan potensi usaha kecil di tingkat lokal harus mampu membentuk pelaku ekonomi lokal yang kuat dan mandiri. Salah satu kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan adalah memperkuat usaha kecil, melalui peningkatan peran kredit mikro dan kecil. Usaha kecil di Indonesia seperti di negara sedang berkembang lainnya, memiliki ciri-ciri: (1) jumlah unit usaha mikro dan kecil sangat besar dan tersebar di seluruh pelosok perdesaan, (2) umumnya bersifat padat karya, sehingga berpotensi besar menumbuhkan kesempatan kerja, (3) menggunakan teknologi yang sesuai terhadap proporsi faktor produksi dan kondisi lokal setempat, yaitu sumberdaya alam dan tenaga kerja berpendidikan rendah, (4) mempunyai kegiatan produksi yang umumnya berbasis pertanian, dan (5) sebagian besar pembiayaan untuk kegiatan produksi adalah tabungan pribadi, ditambah pinjaman atau bantuan dari kerabat, atau dari pemberi kredit informal, pedagang pengumpul, pemasok bahan baku, dan pembayaran di muka dari konsumen.