Perilaku produksi dan konsumsi rumahtangga petani padi di Sulawesi Tenggara
The production and consumption behavior of rice farm households in Southeast Sulawesi
Abstract
The objectives of this study are : (1) to analyse the profit efficiency and factors affecting inefficiency of profit for paddy and non-paddy farming based on the technology and wetland agro-ecosystem, (2) to assess the response of output supply and input demand toward the changes of output and input prices based on wetland agro-ecosystem, (3) to asses the response of farm households’ consumption toward the changes of output and input price and the households’ income based on the wetland agro-ecosystem and profit efficiency, and (4) to compare the response of farmer households’ consumption as pure consumer and their response as producer and consumer based on wetland agro-ecosystem, and the profit efficiency. The stochastic frontiers profit function, and output and input share functions were used to analyse the production behavior, whilst, the Almost Ideal Demand System Model was used to analyse the consumption behavior. The research findings showed that the rice farm households for irrigated lands with improving technology have the highest profit efficiency compared to others. Inefficient profit was influenced by the experices of farmers in farming, education level and the number of family member. The parameter estimation results by employing output and input share function showed that there was the greater impact of rice price toward output supply and inputs demand compared to fertilizer price. Meanwhile, the household expenditure share function showed that the rice farmers around the area of research were responsive for price changes of rice because rice is a main commodity, but they were less responsive on price changes of fertilizer. Aventhough they were responsive on the changes of rice price, but it became less sensitive when they were as producers and consumers. The policy implications and further research suggestions are: (1) to increase the productivity and profitability of rice farming still require wisdom specific technology and irrigation facilities development, (2) to enhance farmers' income needs to improve the price policy through improving the Government Purchasing Price standard of rice, and (3) for further research, the nutrient content of fertilizer should be considered on the production analysis, and the types of farm household and the kinds of data should be expanded, as well as, the distinguish type of purchased food should be based on the nutrient content by using the farm households model. Rumahtangga petani padi tidak hanya menghasilkan padi (single commodity) melainkan juga menghasilkan tanaman pangan selain padi (multi-commodity). Sebagai podusen bahan pangan, petani mengkonsumsi bahan pangan produksi sendiri dan membeli di pasar sehingga rumahtangga petani padi tidak saja sebagai produsen namun juga sebagai konsumen. Peningkatan permintaan pangan menyebabkan perhatian pemerintah terhadap kebijakan pangan lebih diarahkan pada komoditi padi, baik dari sisi teknologi maupun ekonomi. Kebijakan dari sisi teknologi mencakup berbagai program pengembangan dan penelitian, dimulai dari adanya program Bimas, Insus dan Supra Insus diiringi dengan pembangunan jaringan irigasi, hingga adanya program Prima Tani dan Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu, sedangkan kebijakan dari sisi ekonomi dengan diterapkannya kebijakan subsidi pupuk dan kebijakan Harga Pembelian Pemerintah (HPP) terhadap gabah dan beras yang sering diperbaharui setiap tahun. Perubahan kebijakan harga tersebut menyebabkan perubahan harga di tingkat petani, baik harga gabah maupun harga pupuk. Perubahan harga tersebut menyebabkan berubahnya keuntungan usahatani dan pendapatan rumahtangga. Penelitian ini secara khusus bertujuan untuk : (1) mengetahui pengaruh harga output dan harga input terhadap efisiensi produksi dan inefisiensi produksi padi dan non padi berdasarkan teknologi dan agroekosistem lahan sawah, (2) mengkaji respon penawaran output dan permintaan input terhadap perubahan harga output dan harga input pada rumahtangga petani berdasarkan agroekosistem lahan sawah, (3) mengkaji respon konsumsi rumahtangga petani terhadap perubahan harga dan pendapatan rumahtangga berdasarkan agroekosistem lahan sawah dan efisiensi keuntungan, dan (4) membandingkan respon konsumsi rumahtangga petani sebagai konsumen murni dan respon konsumsi rumahtangga petani sebagai produsen dan konsumen berdasarkan agroekosistem lahan sawah dan efisiensi keuntungan.