Institutional and Transaction Cost Analysis of Sea Farming Management in Panggang Island, Administrative Regency of Kepulauan Seribu

Abstract

Phenomenon of declining fishing production in some Indonesian waters area has raised fears of increasing scarcity of fish resources, therefore many implementative programs and efforts has been developed. One of these programs is sea farming. Sea farming is shallow waters marine resources use system based on mariculture. The main objective is to increase fish resources while sustaining fishing activity, mariculture and marine ecotourism. Sea farming is not exactly the same with mariculture. Mariculture and other economic activities based on marine resources are subsystem of the sea farming. The aim of this research are : 1) to identify the role of institutional in managing coastal resources in Panggang Island Administrative Regency of Kepulauan Seribu, 2) to analyze institutional management of sea farming, 3) to evaluate economic benefit and transaction cost of sea farming management, 4) to analyze sustainability of sea farming program. The data was analyzed by 7 methods: 1) Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD); 2) stakeholders analysis; 3) fisheries resources management conflict analysis; 4) income analysis; 5) transaction cost analysis; 6) cost effectiveness analysis; 7) program scenario evaluation analysis. Based on the identification of institutional role in management of sea farming and coastal resources, the stakeholders actors are subject (sea farming members and trader), players (government, National Parks of Kepulauan Seribu, and university-PKSPL IPB), spectator (village government), and actor (security). Economic benefit of sea farming group member is Rp 6,805,645/year. Transaction cost for institutional management is Rp 875,000/year and the effectivity of transaction is 0.13, which is considered cost effective. Evaluation of sustainable scenario showed that scenario B which is program can be continued with a significant improvement was selected. The improvement of sea farming program includes adaptif institutional development, improvement of group organization and management, in order to achieve sustainability of sea farming program.

Pemanfaatan sumberdaya perairan laut di kawasan Kepulauan Seribu selama ini secara nyata dilakukan tanpa perencanaan dan pengawasan yang baik. Kondisi stok ikan di beberapa wilayah telah mengalami tangkap lebih (overfishing), degradasi sumberdaya alam akibat pencemaran, penangkapan ikan dengan menggunakan bom dan bahan kimia, pengambilan karang yang berlebihan dan lain-lain. Sehingga sebagian besar penduduk akan terperangkap dalam kemiskinan akibat produktivitas sumberdaya yang semakin berkurang dan terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan. Fenomena penurunan produksi tangkapan ini telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran masyarakat akan terjadinya kelangkaan sumberdaya ikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan : pertama, mengidentifikasi kelembagaan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya pesisir di Kabupaten Administrasi Kepulauan Seribu. Kedua, menganalisis kelembagaan pengelolaan sea farming. Ketiga, mengkaji manfaat ekonomi dan biaya transaksi pengelolaan sea farming. Keempat, menganalisis keberlanjutan pengelolaan sea farming.