Land use change dynamics and Green Open Space (GOS) allocation strategy based on environmentally sound regional budgeting (a case study of Bekasi City)

Abstract

Marginalization issue of Green Open Space (GOS) with a high level of land conversion from vegetative or agriculture land to built land in urban area shows that there is no commitment of regional government on a sustainable urban development. Political commitment on the regional government is indicated among others by the weak support of green regional budgeting (APBD) related to GOS. The research was conducted in Bekasi City. The purpose of this research was to determine a model of environmentally sound regional budgeting policy strategy related for allocation of public GOS by using a hard systems and a soft systems approaches. The former was conducted by landuse changes analysis with the factors influencing them, by designing a regional budgeting based on GOS allocating model structure by using a dynamic system approach by formulating the direction policy using focus group discussion (FGD) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results of landuse change analysis showed that there was an increase in built land area from 5.5% (1,157.77 ha) in 1989 to 70.7% (14,879.85 ha) in 2009. The determinants of landuse changes in GOS were population, educational facilities, markets, supermarkets, settlements, industries, restaurants, hotels, and inns (R2 = 99.6%). The dynamic model was designed three scenarios of GOS allocating policy strategy (pessimism, moderate, and optimism) with an early simulation in 2010. The optimism scenario was considered as being capable of accommodating the fulfillment of city GOS need really on an assumption of considerable long multiyears budgeting so that in 2030 the target of 20% public GOS would be achieved. The results of analysis by AHP and FGD approaches showed that alternatives were on 2 main policies, namely: agriculture/GOS infrastructure development and GOS land acquirement. The priorities of policies emphasized the importance of commitment to green budgeting with tight control, particularly tax disincentive and tightening of building license.

Isu marjinalisasi ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) yang dikonversi secara tidak proporsional menjadi ruang terbangun (RTB) merupakan indikasi rendahnya komitmen politik penganggaran tata ruang. Terbatasnya ketersediaan jasa RTH di perkotaan merupakan isu lingkungan karena memiliki aspek-aspek the commons di dalamnya. Pemerintah bertanggungjawab melindungi Common-Pool Resources (CPRs) dari tindakan overuse. Solusi yang ditawarkan untuk menangani pengelolaan CPRs khususnya ketersediaan RTH publik kota, diantaranya adalah pengadaan lahan dan subsidi oleh pemerintah. Berdasarkan ketentuan UU No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang, alokasi RTH suatu kawasan perkotaan adalah 30 persen dari luas kota, 20 persen diantaranya menjadi tanggungjawab pemerintah untuk mendanai RTH Publik. Tuntutan komitmen politik penganggaran merupakan amanat dalam UU No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH). Amanat tersebut antara lain adalah diperkenalkannya instrumen penganggaran berbasis lingkungan hidup (pasal 42-45). Penganggaran berbasis lingkungan (Green Budgeting) adalah aktivitas perencanaan penganggaran lingkungan yang menjadi kewajiban pemerintah dan parlemen mengalokasikan anggaran yang memadai untuk membiayai program pembangunan yang berwawasan lingkungan hidup.