Model partisipatif perhutanan sosial menuju pengelolaan hutan berkelanjutan (Kasus pembangunan hutan kemasyarakatan pada kawasan hutan lindung di Pulau Lombok)

Abstract

The research objectives were (1) to study the dynamic of content and implementation of government policy in development of community forest management (CFM), (2) to study community participation and socio economic factors affecting the community participation and this relationship with the ecological condition of Community Forest Management Area, (3) to design model of participative management of sustainable social forestry. The research method was a combination among descriptive, explorative and participative. For collecting data used exploring document, observation, survey, FGD and Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA). The research locations were Community Forest Management Areas that saparate over on protected forest areas in three districts, namely West Lombok (Sesaot), Midle Lombok (North Batukliang) and East Lombok (Sekaroh) on Lombok Island. The 107 CFM respondent determined by quota sampling about 2 % of CFM members. The Content Analysis, Multinominal Logit Regression, Spearman’s Correlation Analysis and Analysis of Hierarchy Process Analysis and Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) were tools employed to analysis the data. The research results were (1) the policy of community forest management (CFM) has changed and followed by policy and interesting conflict and influenced the community participation and the ecological forest area, (2) the community participation level was dominated by medium level that affected by the socio economic factors and the institution, (3) the participation level has a positive correlation to ecological condition of the forest, and (4) Regarding the sustainable management model of social forestry was Integrated Agroforestry of Gaharu Basis. For establishing good ecological forest condition is suggested that policy intervention in financing and institution arrangement.

Kasus kehancuran sumberdaya hutan di Indonesia telah lama terjadi yaitu laju kerusakan hutan lima tahun terakhir ini yang mengalami peningkatan sebesar 3,8 juta hektar pertahun dari angka semula yang kurang 2 juta hektar pertahun. Dari 130 juta hektar luas tutupan hutan Indonesia, sekitar 72 % hutan asli Indonesia hilang dan dari sisa 28 % dari hutan asli tersebut ternyata 25 % atau sekitar 30 juta hektar dalam kondisi rusak parah. Pembangunan hutan melalui Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Hutan (GN-RHL) hanya mampu menyelamatkan 1,5 juta hektar, sementara itu kerusakan hutan dalam 5 tahun seluas 12 juta hektar sehingga 10,5 juta hektar akan terabaikan. Dari beberapa hasil penelitian di Pulau Lombok memberikan bukti bahwa terjadi kerusakan bio-fisik kawasan dan pelanggaran aturan main (Awik-awik) yang telah dibangun bersama. Kerusakan bio-fisik kawasan terlihat dari rendahnya usaha konservasi lahan dan rendahnya tutupan lahan yang bersumber dari tanaman kayu-kayuan. Kawasan didominasi oleh tanaman pangan dan buah-buahan (Amiruddin et al. 2001; Kusumo et al. 2004). Sementara itu, Muktasam et al. (2003) menemukan bahwa kelembagaan yang terbangun tidak dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Humaidi (2006) menemukan bahwa lemahnya kohesifitas antara masyarakat sebagai akibat dari punahnya kearipan lokal yang ada sebagai faktor penyebab kehancuran tersebut.