Dinamika Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Pada Budidaya Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) Dengan Penambahan Mineral

Abstract

Haikal Aziz. Dinamika emisi gas rumah kaca pada budidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) dengan penambahan mineral. Dibimbing oleh: Kukuh Nirmala, Eddy Supriyono, dan Majariana Krisanti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) pada budidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) dengan penambahan mineral pada media budidaya serta mengkaji keterkaitannya dengan kualitas air, komunitas plankton, dan kinerja pertumbuhan udang. Budidaya udang intensif berpotensi menghasilkan emisi GRK akibat akumulasi bahan organik dan proses biogeokimia nitrogen di perairan, sehingga diperlukan upaya pengelolaan lingkungan yang mampu menekan pelepasan GRK tanpa mengganggu performa produksi. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental selama masa pemeliharaan udang dengan perlakuan penambahan mineral pada air media budidaya. Perlakuan terdiri atas media tanpa penambahan mineral (M0) dan media dengan penambahan mineral pada dosis berbeda (M1 dan M2). Parameter yang diamati meliputi fluks GRK (CO2, CH4, dan N2O), kualitas air (oksigen terlarut, pH, suhu, salinitas, ORP, TAN, nitrit, nitrat, alkalinitas, ortofosfat, dan total bahan organik), kelimpahan serta komposisi fitoplankton, dan kinerja pertumbuhan udang. Data dianalisis secara statistik untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan serta hubungan antara kualitas air dan fluks GRK menggunakan analisis multivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama masa pemeliharaan terjadi pelepasan CO2, CH4, dan N2O ke atmosfer, dengan fluks CO2 sebagai kontribusi terbesar dibandingkan gas lainnya. Penambahan mineral tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata secara statistik (p>0,05) terhadap fluks GRK, namun cenderung berperan dalam menekan pelepasan GRK melalui pengendalian kualitas air dan akumulasi bahan organik. Fluks GRK berkorelasi erat dengan parameter kualitas air, terutama pH, oksigen terlarut, salinitas, serta senyawa nitrogen, yang berperan dalam proses nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi. Kondisi perairan yang cenderung asam dan penurunan alkalinitas berkontribusi terhadap pelepasan CO2 dan N2O, sedangkan produksi CH4 berkaitan dengan kandungan bahan organik dan kondisi redoks perairan. Komunitas fitoplankton selama pemeliharaan didominasi oleh kelas Cyanophyceae, diikuti oleh Bacillariophyceae dan Chlorophyceae. Penambahan mineral tidak menyebabkan perbedaan nyata terhadap kelimpahan total plankton, namun perlakuan dengan dosis mineral lebih tinggi menunjukkan kestabilan komposisi plankton yang lebih baik dan potensi planktonic imbalance yang lebih rendah. Dominasi Cyanophyceae berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan bahan organik, yang selanjutnya memengaruhi dinamika GRK di media budidaya. Kinerja pertumbuhan udang vaname, yang meliputi pertambahan biomassa, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, rasio konversi pakan, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata antar perlakuan (p>0,05). Penambahan mineral tidak memberikan pengaruh langsung terhadap pertumbuhan udang, namun berkontribusi pada perbaikan kualitas air dan penurunan potensi zat toksik selama pemeliharaan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa penambahan mineral pada air media budidaya udang vaname tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap fluks GRK dan kinerja pertumbuhan udang, namun berperan dalam menjaga stabilitas kualitas air dan menekan potensi pelepasan GRK secara tidak langsung. Implikasi hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan kualitas air melalui pendekatan mineralisasi dapat menjadi strategi pendukung dalam budidaya udang yang lebih ramah lingkungan, meskipun tidak secara langsung meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan. Penelitian lanjutan pada skala lapang dan jangka waktu lebih panjang diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas strategi ini dalam menekan emisi GRK secara berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Gas rumah kaca, udang vaname, penambahan mineral, kualitas air

Haikal Aziz. Greenhouse Gas Emission Dynamics in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Farming with Mineral Additives. Supervised by: Kukuh Nirmala, Eddy Supriyono, and Majariana Krisanti. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture with mineral addition to the rearing water and to examine their relationships with water quality, plankton communities, and shrimp growth performance. Intensive shrimp aquaculture has the potential to generate GHG emissions due to organic matter accumulation and nitrogen biogeochemical processes, highlighting the need for environmentally sound management strategies that can mitigate emissions without compromising production performance. The research was conducted experimentally during the shrimp rearing period using mineral addition treatments in the culture water. The treatments consisted of a control without mineral addition (M0) and two mineral-added treatments at different dosages (M1 and M2). Observed parameters included GHG fluxes (CO2, CH4, and N2O), water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, ORP, TAN, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity, orthophosphate, and total organic matter), plankton abundance and composition, and shrimp growth performance. Statistical analyses were applied to evaluate treatment effects, and multivariate analysis was used to assess relationships between water quality and GHG fluxes. The results showed that CO2, CH4, and N2O were released to the atmosphere during the rearing period, with CO2 contributing the largest proportion of total GHG emissions. Mineral addition did not significantly affect GHG fluxes (p>0.05); however, it tended to reduce emission potential indirectly by improving water quality and controlling organic matter accumulation. GHG fluxes were closely correlated with water quality parameters, particularly pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and nitrogen compounds involved in nitrification and denitrification processes. Acidic conditions and decreased alkalinity contributed to higher CO2 and N2O release, while CH4 production was associated with organic matter content and redox conditions. Phytoplankton communities during the culture period were dominated by Cyanophyceae, followed by Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Mineral addition did not significantly affect total plankton abundance; however, higher mineral dosages resulted in more stable plankton community composition and lower potential for planktonic imbalance. The dominance of Cyanophyceae contributed to increased organic matter, which subsequently influenced GHG dynamics in the culture system.Shrimp growth performance, including biomass gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate, did not differ significantly among treatments (p>0.05). Mineral addition did not directly enhance shrimp growth but contributed to improved water quality and reduced potential toxic effects during the rearing period. In conclusion, mineral addition to the culture water did not significantly affect GHG fluxes or shrimp growth performance but played an indirect role in maintaining water quality stability and reducing GHG emission potential. These findings suggest that mineral-based water management may serve as a supporting strategy for environmentally friendly shrimp aquaculture, although it does not directly improve growth performance. Further long-term and field-scale studies are recommended to evaluate the sustainability of this approach in mitigating GHG emissions. Keywords: greenhouse gases, white shrimp, mineral addition, water quality