Nilai Ekonomi dan Strategi Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove yang Berkelanjutan di KecamatanTarumajaya dan Babelan Kabupaten Bekasi Provinsi Jawa Barat

Abstract

Ekosistem mangrove menyediakan berbagai jasa lingkungan yang bernilai bagi ekologi, sosial maupun ekonomi masyarakat. Ekosistem mangrove di Kecamatan Tarumajaya dan Babelan, Kabupaten Bekasi, Provinsi Jawa Barat telah mengalami degradasi lingkungan, alih fungsi lahan dan pemanfaatan ruang laut yang ilegal sehingga mengakibatkan berbagai kerusakan ekologis dan kerugian ekonomis. Tidak jelasnya pengelolaan mengakibatkan terjadinya tumpang tindih pemanfaatan dan perbedaan visi antarstakeholder mengakibatkan konflik kepentingan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di empat desa pesisir yang berada di wilayah Kecamatan Tarumajaya dan Babelan yaitu Desa Pantaimakmur, Desa Segarajaya, Desa Samudrajaya dan Desa Huripjaya. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah merumuskan strategi pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove di Tarumajaya dan Babalen, Bekasi, Jawa Barat dengan tiga tujuan pendukung, yaitu menganalisis kondisi vegetasi ekosistem mangrove dan persepsi masyarakat, mengestimasi nilai jasa ekosistem mangrove dan dampak ekonomi ekowisata yang diperoleh masyarakat dan menganalisis kondisi kelembagaan dan peran multiaktor bagi keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove.

Luasan existing ekosistem mangrove diestimasti dengan metode NDVI sebesar 249,86 ha. Ditemukan 15 spesies mangrove sejati dan 25 spesies mangrove ikutan yang tersebar di enam lokasi penelitian. Vegetasi didominasi jenis Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia alba dan Avicennia officinalis. Persepsi masyarakat terhadap kondisi, fungsi, dan manfaat ekosistem mangrove tergolong baik. Ekosistem mangrove di Kecamatan Tarumajaya dan Babelan memiliki nilai jasa ekosistem yang tinggi mencapai sebesar Rp789.864.881,25/ha/tahun. Proporsi terbesar adalah nilai jasa penyediaan sebesar 69,28% yang terdiri dari nilai perikanan, daun nipah, dan produk turunan buah pidada. Nilai ekonomi ekowisata dengan metode Travel Cost Method sebesar Rp31.756.080,54/tahun. Nilai keberadaan diestimasi sebesar Rp8.205.010,81/ha/tahun dan nilai pewarisan sebesar Rp5.743.507,56/ha/tahun dengan menggunakan perhitungan rataan Willingness to Pay dengan metode Turnbull. Sementara itu, kontribusi ekonomi ekowisata bagi rumah tangga pelaku usaha rendah karena sektor ekowisata hanya menjadi sumber pendapatan sampingan masyarakat.

Koordinasi dan sinergisitas belum dilakukan dengan baik dalam pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. KKP, Perum Perhutani, DKP Jabar dan Bappeda Kabupaten Bekasi sebagai key player yang harus bersinergi dengan berbagai stakeholder agar pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove dapat berkelanjutan. Terdapat lima arahan strategis pengelolaan dengan urutan prioritas dengan metode AHP yaitu, (1) harmonisasi regulasi dan perencanaan tata ruang; (2) peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat pesisir, (3) rehabilitasi mangrove; (4) pengembangan ekowisata terpadu dan (5) implementasi wanamina (sylvofishery).

Mangrove ecosystems provide various environmental services that are valuable to ecological, social, and economic aspects of the community. Mangrove ecosystems in Tarumajaya and Babelan Districts, Bekasi Regency, West Java Province have experienced environmental degradation, land conversion and illegal utilization of marine space, resulting in various ecological damages and economic losses. Unclear management results in overlapping utilization and differences in vision between stakeholders, resulting in conflicts of interest. This study was conducted in four coastal villages in Tarumajaya and Babelan Districts, namely Pantaimakmur Village, Segarajaya Village, Samudrajaya Village and Huripjaya Village. The main objective of this study was to formulate a strategy for managing mangrove ecosystems in Tarumajaya and Babelan with three supporting objectives, namely analyzing the condition of mangrove ecosystem vegetation and community perceptions, estimating the value of mangrove ecosystem services and the economic impact of ecotourism obtained by the community and analyzing institutional conditions and the role of multi-actors for the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management.

The existing area of mangrove ecosystems was estimated using the NDVI method at 249.86 ha. There were 15 true mangrove species and 25 associated mangrove species spread across six research locations. Vegetation was dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia alba and Avicennia officinalis. Community perception of the condition, function and benefits of the mangrove ecosystem was classified as good. The mangrove ecosystem in Tarumajaya and Babelan Districts had a high ecosystem service value reaching Rp789,355,639.44/ha/year. The largest proportion was the provision service value of 69.28% consisting of fisheries value, nipah leaves and pidada fruit derivative products. The economic value of ecotourism using the Travel Cost Method was Rp31,756,080.54/year. The existence value was estimated at Rp8,205,010.81/ha/year and the inheritance value was Rp5,743,507.56/ha/year using the average Willingness to Pay calculation using the Turnbull method. Meanwhile, the economic contribution of ecotourism for household business actors is low because the ecotourism sector is only a source of additional income for the community.

Coordination and synergy have not been carried out properly in the management of the mangrove ecosystem. KKP, Perum Perhutani, DKP Jabar and Bappeda Bekasi Regency are key players who must synergize with various stakeholders so that the management of the mangrove ecosystem can be sustainable. There are five strategic management directions with priority order using the AHP method, namely, (1) harmonization of regulations and spatial planning; (2) increasing the capacity of coastal communities; (3) mangrove rehabilitation; (4) development of integrated ecotourism; and (5) implementation of sylvofishery.