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      DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN HILIRISASI CPO TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN DAN PENERIMAAN DEVISA EKSPOR PRODUK TURUNAN CPO SERTA PRODUK TURUNANNYA DI INDONESIA

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      ASIFA
      Hidayat, Nia Kurniawati
      Novindra
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      Abstract
      ASIFA. Dampak Kebijakan Hilirisasi CPO terhadap Kesejahteraan dan Penerimaan Devisa Ekspor CPO serta Produk Turunannya di Indonesia. Dibimbing oleh NIA KURNIAWATI HIDAYAT dan NOVINDRA. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) atau minyak sawit adalah salah satu produk unggulan Indonesia yang hampir 60 persen produksinya diekspor. Harga CPO Indonesia bergantung pada harga CPO dunia sehingga pemerintah melakukan hilirisasi pada jalur oleofood, oleokimia, dan biofuel. Terdapat banyak kebijakan hilirisasi pemerintah seperti penerapan kembali pajak ekspor CPO pada tahun 2021 setelah lima tahun sebelumnya tidak diterapkan dan mengalami peningkatan tertinggi pada tahun 2022 sebesar 43,95 persen serta kebijakan peningkatan kapasitas produksi industri turunan CPO. Kegiatan hilirisasi ditujukan untuk memproduksi produk turunan CPO sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan domestik, memberikan nilai tambah, dan tujuan ekspor kedepannya. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada minyak goreng, margarin, dan sabun dengan pertimbangan ketiga produk tersebut merupakan produk telah diproduksi semenjak tahun 1960an di Indonesia dan memiliki prospek ekspor meskipun kapasitas produksinya masih relatif kecil yaitu 15,5 juta ton, 0,8 juta ton, dan 3,6 juta ton dibandingkan negara eksportir lainnya seperti Malaysia yang telah memiliki kapasitas produksi sebesar 32 juta ton per tahun untuk produk yang serupa. Ketiga produk ini juga merupakan produk yang dominan dikonsumsi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian sebelumnya memang telah banyak mengkaji mengenai kebijakan internal maupun eksternal namun penelitian mengenai dampak kebijakan hilirisasi terhadap kesejahteraan dan penerimaan devisa ekspor Indonesia masih cukup terbatas sehingga penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data time series (data tahunan) kurun waktu 1998 hingga 2022. Data di olah menggunakan model persamaan simultan dengan metode Two Stages Least Square (2SLS). Model dalam penelitian diberi nama Model Hilirisasi yang dibagi menjadi empat blok yaitu blok minyak sawit (CPO) yang terdiri dari tujuh persamaan struktural dan empat persamaan identitas. Kemudian blok minyak goreng, blok margarin, serta blok sabun yang masing-masing terdiri dari tiga persamaan struktural dan tiga persamaan identitas. Data penelitian diolah menggunakan bantuan software Microsoft Office Excel dan Statistical Analysis System/Econometric Time Series (SAS/ETS) versi 9.4. Model penelitian ini telah melewati tahapan identifikasi, estimasi, validasi, dan simulasi serta evaluasi model di setiap tahapan. Dalam melakukan analisis kebijakan, dilakukan tiga skenario kebijakan yaitu kebijakan peningkatan pajak ekspor, kapasitas produksi turunan CPO (minyak goreng, margarin, dan sabun), serta kombinasi dari kedua kebijakan tersebut. Dampak dari kebijakan ini dapat dilihat dari perubahan kesejahteraan dan penerimaan devisa ekspor turunan CPO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspor minyak goreng dipengaruhi oleh nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar, produksi, dan ekspor minyak goreng di tahun sebelumnya. Kemudian ekspor margarin dipengaruhi oleh produksi margarin, tren waktu, nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar, dan ekspor margarin di tahun sebelumnya sementara ekspor sabun dipengaruhi oleh produksi sabun dan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap Dolar. Adapun kebijakan peningkatan pajak ekspor sebesar 43,95 persen meningkatkan harga ekspor CPO sebesar pajak yang diterapkan. Peningkatan harga ekspor CPO mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan volume ekspor CPO sehingga meningkatkan penawaran dan menurunkan harga CPO domestik. Penerapan kebijakan ini menurunkan kesejahteraan produsen CPO namun meningkatkan kesejahteraan konsumen CPO, produsen dan konsumen turunan CPO (minyak goreng, margarin, dan sabun). Secara keseluruhan, penerapan kebijakan ini meningkatkan penerimaan pemerintah dan menurunkan total penerimaan devisa ekspor Indonesia dikarenakan penurunan penerimaan dari devisa ekspor CPO lebih besar dibandingkan penerimaan devisa ekspor turunan CPO (minyak goreng, margarin, dan sabun). Simulasi kebijakan peningkatan kapasitas produksi minyak goreng sebesar 61,25 persen, margarin sebesar 21,32 persen, dan sabun sebesar 1,02 persen serta kombinasi kedua kebijakan (peningkatan pajak ekspor CPO dan peningkatan kapasitas produksi produk turunan CPO) mendorong peningkatan permintaan CPO oleh industri minyak goreng, margarin, dan sabun sehingga pada sisi hulu meningkatkan harga CPO domestik yang mendorong peningkatan kesejahteraan produsen CPO, produsen dan konsumen turunan CPO (minyak goreng, margarin dan sabun) serta meningkatkan total penerimaan devisa ekspor secara keseluruhan. Adanya program hilirisasi CPO menjadi minyak goreng, margarin, dan sabun menjadikan posisi tawar harga CPO Indonesia yang lebih kuat dan mengubah orientasi ekspor Indonesia dari pengekspor CPO menjadi pengekspor produk turunan CPO yang memiliki nilai tambah lebih tinggi. Kedepannya, pemerintah diharapkan terus mendorong hilirisasi CPO dengan memberikan insentif seperti keringanan biaya pajak impor sarana produksi, pemberian investasi, peningkatan inovasi pengolahan, dan teknologi.
       
      ASIFA. The Impact of CPO Downstream Policy on Welfare and Foreign Exchange Earnings from the Export of CPO and Its Derivative Products in Indonesia, supervised by NIA KURNIAWATI HIDAYAT and NOVINDRA. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is one of Indonesia's leading products, with nearly 60 percent of its production being exported. The price fluctuations of Indonesian CPO depend on the world CPO price, so the government carries out downstream processing. The government is carrying out downstream policies on the oleofood, oleochemical, and biofuel with various policies such as the re-implementation of the CPO export tax in 2021 after it had been suspended for the previous five years, with the highest increase occurring in 2022 of 43.95 percent. The government has also focused on increasing the production capacity of the CPO derivative industry. Downstream activities are aimed at producing CPO derivative products to meet domestic demand and boost future exports. This research focuses on cooking oil, margarine, and soap products, considering that these three products are the most widely used by almost all Indonesians. These products have been manufactured in Indonesia, since the 1960s, has had promising export potential, although its production capacity remains low, namely 15.5 million tons for cooking oil, 0.8 million tons for margarine, and 3.6 million tons for soap, especially when compared to other major exporters such as Malaysia, which has already reached a production capacity of similar products of 32 million tons per year for similar products. The research utilized time series data spanning the period from 1998 to 2022. The data were analyzed using a simultaneous equation model with the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method. The model developed in the study, referred to as the Hilirisasi Model, consists of 29 equations divided into four blocks. One of these is the palm oil (CPO) block, which comprises seven structural equations and four identity equations. Then the blocks of cooking oil, margarine, and soap which each consisting of three structural equations and three identity equations. Data processing was conducted using Microsoft Office Excel software and Statistical Analysis System/Econometric Time Series (SAS/ETS) version 9.4. This model passed through the stages of identification, estimation, validation, and simulation, as well as evaluation of the model at each stage. For policy analysis, three scenarios were simulated: (1) increasing export taxes, (2) increasing the production capacity of CPO derivative products (cooking oil, margarine, and soap), and (3) a combination of both policies. The impacts of these policy scenarios were analyzed in terms of changes in welfare and foreign exchange earnings from the export of CPO derivative products. The results of the study showed that cooking oil exports are influenced by the Rupiah exchange rate against the US Dollar, domestic production, and cooking oil exports in the previous year. Margarine exports are affected by margarine production, time trends, the Rupiah exchange rate, and past margarine export performance. Meanwhile, soap exports are influenced by soap production and the Rupiah exchange rate against the Dollar. The policy of increasing export taxes by 43.95 percent increases export prices by the amount of taxes applied. The increase in CPO export prices resulted in a decrease in CPO exports, increasing supply and lowering the price of domestic CPO palm oil. The implementation of this policy reduces the welfare of CPO producers to reduce the welfare of palm oil producers, but also increases the welfare of producers and consumers of CPO derivatives (cooking oil, margarine, and soap). Overall, the implementation of this policy reduced Indonesia's total export foreign exchange earnings because the decline in foreign exchange earnings from CPO exports was greater than the foreign exchange earnings for CPO derivative exports. The simulated policy of increasing the production capacity of cooking oil by 61.25 percent, margarine by 21.32 percent, and soap by 1.02 percent as well as the combination of the two policies (increasing CPO export tax and increasing the production capacity of CPO derivative products) encourages an increase in CPO demand by the cooking oil, margarine, and soap industries so that on the upstream side it increases domestic CPO prices which encourages an increase in the welfare of palm oil producers, producers and consumers of CPO derivatives as well as increasing the total export foreign exchange earnings. The existence of a program to downstream CPO into cooking oil, margarine, and soap can make Indonesia's CPO bargaining position stronger and change Indonesia's export orientation from a CPO exporter to an exporter of CPO derivative products that have higher added value. In the future, the government is expected to continue to encourage downstream CPO by providing incentives such as tax relief for production facilities, investment, increasing processing innovation, and technology.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/166170
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