Coastal and Marine Management with Emphasis in Coral Reef Ecosystem: A Case Study in Awaiama Village, Papua New Guinea

Abstract

Coral reef ecosystems in the Coral Triangle, including those in Awaiama Village, Papua New Guinea, are under increasing pressure from both natural and anthropogenic stressors. The local community heavily relies on these ecosystems for food, income, and cultural identity. This study aims to assess the condition of the coral reef ecosystem, analyze the influence of fishing and livelihood activities on reef health, and evaluate community characteristics and participation in reef conservation and management. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating ecological surveys and social interviews. Ecological data were collected through the Point Intercept Transect (PIT) and Underwater Visual Census (UVC) methods across three reef sites. Socio-cultural data were gathered through structured and semi- structured interviews with local residents to explore fishing behaviour, reef use patterns, and community governance involvement. The findings showed that coral cover across the three transects ranged from 30% to 34%, classifying the reef condition as fair. Thirteen coral genera and twelve fish genera were identified, with moderate diversity and evenness levels. Traditional fishing methods were common, though destructive practices such as poison fishing were historically used. Community members expressed awareness of reef degradation and a strong willingness to participate in reef protection. The study highlights that reef resilience in Awaiama is closely tied to community behaviours, traditional knowledge, and informal governance structures. Strengthening participatory reef management, incorporating customary marine tenure, and providing sustainable livelihood alternatives are essential strategies to enhance both ecological and social resilience.