Daya Saing dan Kinerja Ekspor Lada Utuh Indonesia di Negara Tujuan Utama

Abstract

Lada merupakan the king of spice Indonesia yang menjadi salah satu komoditas andalan dalam perdagangan internasional. Indonesia sebagai negara dengan luas lahan budidaya lada terbesar di dunia serta produsen kedua terbesar setelah Vietnam. Sebagian besar lada Indonesia diekspor dalam bentuk lada utuh sebesar 93 persen dari total ekspor lada pada tahun 2023, namun beberapa tahun terakhir nilai ekspor lada utuh Indonesia menurun. Penurunan ini seiring dengan penurunan nilai ekspornya di negara tujuan utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing lada utuh Indonesia dan mengetahui kinerja ekspornya di negara-negara tujuan utama selama periode 2012-2023. Metode revealed comparative advantage (RCA) dan export product dynamic (EPD) digunakan untuk menganalisis daya saing, sedangkan metode x-model potential export products (X-Model) digunakan untuk menganalisis kinerja ekspor. Hasil analisis RCA menunjukkan bahwa di sepuluh negara tujuan utama, lada utuh Indonesia berdaya saing kuat. Berdasarkan hasil EPD pada periode 1 posisi rising star tercapai di Singapura dan Taiwan, periode 2 di Vietnam, Amerika Serikat, Belanda, dan Prancis, periode 3 hanya di China serta periode 4 di Jepang dan Taiwan. Kinerja ekspor lada utuh Indonesia dari hasil X-Model menunjukkan pasar optimis di Jepang dan Taiwan, sedangkan menunjukkan pasar potensial di Vietnam, Singapura, India, dan China.

Pepper, known as the king of spices in Indonesia, is one of the country’s flagship commodities in international trade. Indonesia possesses the largest area of cultivated pepper land in the world and ranks as the second-largest producer globally, following Vietnam. A significant portion 93 percent of Indonesia's pepper exports in 2023 consisted of whole pepper. However, in recent years, the export value of whole pepper has experienced a decline, which corresponds with a decrease in its export performance in major destination countries. This study aims to examine the competitiveness of Indonesia’s whole pepper and to evaluate its export performance in key international markets over the period 2012–2023. The analysis employs the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Export Product Dynamics (EPD) methods to assess competitiveness, while the X-Model for Potential Export Products is used to analyze export performance.The results of the RCA analysis indicate that Indonesia’s whole pepper exhibits strong competitiveness across all ten major destination countries. According to the EPD findings, during period 1, Indonesia achieved the “rising star” position in Singapore and Taiwan; in period 2, in Vietnam, the United States, the Netherlands, and France; in period 3, in China; and in period 4, in Japan and Taiwan. The X-Model analysis further reveals optimistic export prospects in Japan and Taiwan, while Vietnam, Singapore, India, and China are identified as potential markets for future growth.