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      Life Cycle Assessment Produk Teh Hitam untuk Menunjang Dokumen Hijau PROPER

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      Date
      2024
      Author
      Ihsani, Risa Rafiqa
      Romli, Muhammad
      Suprihatin
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      Abstract
      Permintaan produksi dan konsumsi teh hitam di PT. X kian meningkat, hal ini berbanding lurus dengan tingginya nilai emisi yang dihasilkan ke lingkungan. Saat ini 4 dari 7 wilayah industri teh PT. X belum menerapkan PROPER, dan sisanya telah memperoleh peringkat PROPER Biru dari KLHK per tahun 2023. Dalam PERMEN LHK Nomor 1 Tahun 2021 tentang PROPER, pihak industri dituntut untuk menerapkan PROPER, salah satunya dengan pendekatan LCA yang dapat membantu pihak industri dalam peningkatan peringkat PROPER dan menerapkan pendekatan industri hijau. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai dampak lingkungan produk teh hitam melalui pendekatan LCA dengan ruang lingkup cradle-to-distribution gate meliputi 3 subsistem aktivitas di perkebunan, industri, dan distribusi menggunakan unit fungsional 1 ton teh hitam. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka, wawancara, pengukuran, observasi lapangan, dan pencatatan data dari 3 unit produksi yang memproduksi tiga jenis produk teh orthodox A1, CTC A2, dan orthodox B. Penelitian ini menilai 3 kategori dampak pada SimaPro untuk 3 subsistem unit produksi A1, A2, dan B yaitu GWP, AP, dan EP. Hasil LCIA menunjukkan untuk subsistem perkebunan unit kebun A2 menjadi kontributor emisi tertinggi dampak GWP, AP, dan EP dibandingkan dengan unit kebun A1 dan B, dampak GWP sebesar 2,40E+02 kg CO2 eq/ton, dampak AP sebesar 1,11E+00 kg SO2 eq/ton, dan dampak EP sebesar 3,16E-01 kg PO4 eq/ton. Untuk subsistem industri, unit industri orthodox A1 menjadi kontributor emisi tertinggi pada dampak GWP sebesar 1,98E+03 kg CO2 eq/ton dan dampak AP sebesar 8,70E+00 kg SO2 eq/ton, akan tetapi kontributor emisi tertinggi pada dampak EP ialah unit industri teh hitam CTC A2 dengan besaran nilai 1,08E+01 kg PO4 eq/ton. Untuk subsistem distribusi produk teh hitam ke pasar ekspor, unit industri orthodox B menjadi kontributor emisi tertinggi dampak GWP, AP, dan EP, dampak GWP sebesar 4,62E+01 kg CO2 eq/ton, dampak AP sebesar 5,15E-01 kg SO2 eq/ton, dan dampak EP sebesar 1,13E-01 kg PO4 eq/ton. Hasil Life Cycle Interpretation menunjukkan subsistem industri menjadi kontributor tertinggi terhadap dampak GWP, AP, dan EP terkhusus industri orthodox A1 dibandingkan unit industri CTC A2 dan industri orthodox B. Dampak terbesar pada produk teh hitam pasar lokal untuk unit industri orthodox A1 terhadap dampak GWP (95,68%), dampak AP (95,65%), dan dampak EP (98,80%). Dampak terbesar pada produk teh hitam pasar ekspor terhadap dampak GWP (94,88%), dampak AP (91,56%), dan dampak EP (98,30%). Penyebab utama tingginya emisi dalam industri teh PT. X adalah penggunaan energi listrik PLN berasal dari tahap pelayuan untuk mesin Withering Trough (WT). Skenario perbaikan prioritas untuk unit industri orthodox A1 yaitu mengganti sumber listrik PLN industri dengan Agrivoltaic Solar Panel (APV) yang dapat menurunkan nilai emisi untuk dampak GWP (60%), dampak AP (53%) dan dampak EP (69%). APV dipasang secara on-grid sebanyak 8 buah APV pada mesin WT dengan total biaya yang dibutuhkan sebesar Rp. 36.380.000,-.
       
      The increase in consumption and production of black tea will be directly proportional to the high value of emissions released into the environment. Currently 4 of the 7 tea industry units of PT. X has not yet implemented PROPER and the rest has obtained a BLUE PROPER rating from KLHK in 2023. In LHK Permen No. 1/2021, the industry is required to implement PROPER which can be done with the LCA approach and the green industry approach. This research is intended to estimate the environmental impact of black tea products using an LCA approach for the cradle-to-distribution gate scope which includes 3 subsystems of activities in the plantation, processing industry and distribution with a functional unit of 1 ton of black tea. Data was collected through literature, interviews, measurements, field observations and data records from 3 production units that produce three types of orthodox A1, CTC A2, and orthodox B tea products. Assessment of 3 impact categories was carried out from the results of inventory analysis which was then converted into equivalent impact units using SimaPro software. This research assessment 3 impact categories on SimaPro of the 3 subsystems of production units A1, A2, and B, namely GWP, AP, and EP. The LCIA results show that for the plantation subsystem, the A2 plantation unit is the highest contributor to GWP, AP, and EP emissions compared to the A1 and B plantation units, with a GWP impact of 2,40E+02 kg CO2 eq/ton, an AP impact of 1,11E+00 kg SO2 eq/ton, and an EP impact of 3,16E-01 kg PO4 eq/ton. For the industrial subsystem, the orthodox A1 industrial unit is the highest emission contributor to the GWP impact of 1,98E+03 kg CO2 eq/ton and the AP impact of 8,70E+00 kg SO2 eq/ton, but the highest emission contributor to the EP impact is the CTC A2 black tea industrial unit with a value of 1,08E+01 kg PO4 eq/ton. For the black tea product distribution subsystem to the export market, orthodox industrial unit B is the highest emission contributor to GWP, AP, and EP impacts, GWP impact of 4,62E+01 kg CO2 eq/ton, AP impact of 5,15E-01 kg SO2 eq/ton, and EP impact of 1,13E-01 kg PO4 eq/ton. Life cycle interpretation shows that the industrial subsystem is the highest contributor to GWP, AP, and EP impacts, especially the orthodox A1 industry compared to the CTC A2 industry unit and the orthodox B industry. The largest impact on local market black tea products for the orthodox A1 industry unit on GWP impact (95,68%), AP impact (95,65%), and EP impact (98, 80%). The largest impact on export market black tea products on GWP impact (94, 88%), AP impact (91,56%), and EP impact (98,30%). The main cause of high emissions in the tea industry of PT X is the use of PLN electrical energy from the withering stage for the Withering Trough (WT) machine. The priority improvement scenario for orthodox industrial unit A1 is to replace the PLN electricity source with Agrivoltaic Solar Panel (APV) which can reduce the emission value for GWP impact (60%), AP impact (53%) and EP impact (69%). APVs are installed on-grid as many as 8 APVs on WT machines with a total cost of Rp. 36,380,000-.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/158356
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