Pengaruh Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Rantai Pasok Kopi Gayo

Abstract

Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) yang diterapkan pemerintah selama pandemi Covid-19 berpengaruh ke banyak sektor, salah satunya rantai pasok kopi. Tingkat ketergantungan dan kompleksitas rantai pasok menyebabkan rantai pasok menjadi lebih rentan terhadap pengaruh pandemi Covid-19, penundaan dalam mendistribusi kopi sehingga membutuhkan penambahan modal yang harus disiapkan oleh pelaku kopi Gayo. Petani kopi juga ikut merasakan penurunan pendapatan akibat dari harga beli kopi yang rendah. Hal ini menyebabkan hasil kopi yang dihasilkan tidak langsung didistribusikan melainkan dilakukan penundaan masa panen,masa penyimpanan dan juga pengolahan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada struktur rantai pasok kopi Gayo sebelum pandemi dan masa pandemi. Metode yang digunakan ialah pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dari wawancara dan data sekunder. Analisis deskriptif frekuensi dilakukan pada distribusi karakteristik 122 responden. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan struktur rantai pasok Kopi Gayo terdiri dari petani, kolektor dan koperasi, sedangkan pola rantai pasok lainnya terdiri dari petani, pedagang pengumpul, kolektor, pedagang kopi lokal, UMKM dan koperasi selaku ekportir. Terdapat adanya pengaruh perubahan produksi, harga dan pendapatan sebelum pandemi dan masa pandemi. Implementasi manejerial yang dapat diterapkan dengan sistem kemitraan atau kelembagaan dan sertifikasi.

The Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy implemented by the government during the Covid-19 pandemic has affected many sectors, one of it was the coffee supply chain. The level of dependence and complexity of the supply chain causes the supply chain to become more vulnerable to the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic, delays in distributing coffee, requiring additional capital to be prepared by Gayo coffee suppliers. Coffee farmers also experienced a decrease in income due to low coffee purchasing prices. This means that the coffee produced is not distributed immediately but rather delays the harvest, storage and processing periods. This research focuses on the Gayo coffee supply chain before the pandemic and during the pandemic, including aspects of structure, production, price and income. The analytical method used is quantitative descriptive analysis using primary data sourced from interviews with 122 samples consisting of 100 farmers, 20 traders/collectors, and 2 cooperatives. Descriptive analysis to explain the characteristics of respondents. Quantitative analysis to show the effect of the pandemic on production, prices and profits using the difference test. The research results show that the supply chain structure of Gayo Coffee consists of farmers, collectors and cooperatives, while other supply chain patterns consist of farmers, collecting traders, collectors, local coffee traders, MSMEs and cooperatives as exporters. Different test results show that the Covid-19 pandemic has significantly reduced production, prices and profits at the farmer, collector and cooperative levels.