Model Lanskap Pertanian Terpadu Berdasarkan Budaya Masyarakat Adat Tana Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan
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Date
2024-01-08Author
Tandi Rassing, Anastasia Reny
Gunawan, Andi
Pratiwi, Prita Indah
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Show full item recordAbstract
Lanskap budaya terbentuk karena interaksi antara manusia dengan lingkungannya. Keberadaan lanskap budaya ini didasari oleh kondisi alam seperti geologi, bentuk lahan, hidrologi, iklim dan jenis tanah di sebuah tempat dan membentuk fitur alami seperti bukit, sungai, mata air, serta hutan. Manusia dalam kehidupannya membentuk interaksi sosial melalui sistem kepercayaan, adat istiadat serta kebudayaannya. Fitur alam dan fitur sosial lalu saling bersinergi. Bentuk sinergi antara lanskap budaya dan fitur alami akan menghasilkan fitur-fitur buatan seperti permukiman, peninggalan sejarah, dan pertanian.
Tana Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan, memiliki fitur buatan berupa pertanian, yang muncul akibat sinergi antara sistem kepercayaan nenek moyang yaitu Aluk Todolo dan fitur alami yang dimiliknya. Masyarakat adat Tana Toraja berpatokan pada konsep Tallu Lolona A’pa’ Tauninna, yang mengatur hubungan antara manusia dengan manusia, Tuhan atau Puang Matua, serta hewan dan tanaman, sehingga mempengaruhi mereka dalam penataan lingkungannya, terutama pertanian. Pertanian di Tana Toraja diolah oleh masyarakatnya bukan hanya untuk sektor ekonomi, tetapi juga sebagai alat ketahanan pangan dan melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan adat.
Desa/Lembang Sillanan adalah lokasi yang terpilih dalam mengidentifikasi unsur-unsur kearifan lokal dalam bertani di Kabupaten Tana Toraja. Potensi yang dimiliki daerah ini adalah pada bidang pertanian, perkebunan dan peternakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertanian terpadu yang terbentuk karena tradisi dan fitur alami serta model lanskap pertanian terpadu yang terbentuk di Lembang Sillanan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode spasial dan deskriptif. Identifikasi karakteristik lanskap pertanian terpadu dilakukan melalui penelusuran dokumen adat, wawancara tokoh masyarakat, dan survei lapangan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah fitur sosial Lembang Sillanan yaitu Fitur alami yaitu bukit, sungai, mata air dan hutan. Fitur sosial yaitu sistem kepercayaan Aluk Todolo, filosofi Tallu Lolona A’pa’ Tauninna dan cara dalam bertani. Fitur buatan yaitu kawasan permukiman tradisional, situs bersejarah, serta pertanian (sawah, perikanan, kebun/perkebunan, ladang, pekarangan, dan peternakan).
Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini memaparkan bahwa pertanian terpadu di Lembang Sillanan terdiri dari minapadi, Sistem Integrasi Padi dan Ternak (SIPT), agroforestri, dan Sistem Integrasi Tanaman dan Ternak (SITT). Model lanskap pertanian terpadu di Lembang Sillanan yang terdiri dari lanskap pertanian makro berupa lanskap kampung dan lahan pertanian mikro berupa pekarangan. Model pertanian terpadu membentuk sebuah hierarki dari pertanian hingga tempat sakral.
Kata kunci : Karakter Lanskap, Lanskap Budaya, Lanskap Pertanian, Pertanian Toraja, Pertanian Terpadu Cultural landscapes are formed due to interactions between humans and their environment. The existence of this cultural landscape is based on natural conditions such as geology, landforms, hydrology, climate, and soil type in a place. It forms natural features such as hills, rivers, springs, and forests. Humans form social interactions through their belief systems, customs, and culture. Natural features and social features then synergize with each other. The synergy between cultural landscapes and natural features will produce artificial features such as settlements, historical heritage, and agriculture.
Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, has artificial features in the form of agriculture, which emerged as a result of the synergy between the ancestral belief system, namely Aluk Todolo, and the natural features it possesses. The Tana Toraja indigenous people are based on the Tallu Lolona A'pa' Tauninna concept, which regulates the relationship between humans and humans, God or Puang Matua, as well as animals and plants, thus influencing them in managing their environment, especially agriculture. Agriculture in Tana Toraja is cultivated by the community not only for the economic sector but also to ensure food security and carry out traditional activities.
Village/Lembang Sillanan is the location chosen to identify elements of local wisdom in farming in Tana Toraja Regency. The potential this area has is in the fields of agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. This research aims to determine integrated agriculture formed due to traditions and natural features as well as the integrated agricultural landscape model formed in Lembang Sillanan. The method used is a spatial and descriptive method. The characteristics of an integrated agricultural landscape were identified by searching traditional documents, interviews with community leaders, and field surveys. The data collected is on the social features of Lembang Sillanan, namely natural features, hills, rivers, springs, and forests. The Aluk Todolo belief system, Tallu Lolona A'pa' Tauninna philosophy, and farming methods are social features. Artificial features include traditional residential areas, historical sites, and agriculture (rice fields, fisheries, gardens/plantations, fields, yards, and livestock).
The final results of this research explain that integrated agriculture in Lembang Sillanan consists of minapadi, Rice and Livestock Integration System (SIPT), agroforestry, and Crop and Livestock Integration System (SITT). The integrated farming landscape model in Lembang Sillanan consists of a macro agricultural landscape in the form of a village landscape and micro agricultural land in the form of a yard. The integrated farming model forms a hierarchy from farm to sacred place.
Keywords: Landscape Character, Cultural Landscape, Agricultural Landscape, Toraja Agriculture, Integrated Agriculture
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