Hubungan Konsumsi Pangan, Pola Asuh, dan Ketahanan Pangan dengan Status Gizi Balita di Cianjur

Abstract

Nutritional problems are a major problem in developing countries like Indonesia. Nutritional problems will impact the low quality of human resources (Bappenas RI 2020). WHO data states that there are 149.2 million children under five experiencing stunting and 45.5 million children experiencing wasting (WHO et al. 2021). The Indonesian Nutrition Status Study (SSGI) stated that the prevalence of wasting was 7.1%, underweight was 17.0%, and stunting was still very high at 24.4% (Ministry of Health RI 2021). One of the provinces with a high prevalence of nutritional problems in toddlers is West Java, where wasting in West Java 5.3%, while underweight 15.0% and stunting 24.5%. In Cianjur Regency, the prevalence of wasting was 2.9%, underweight was 14.1%, and the prevalence of stunting was quite high at 33.7%. In overcoming the problem of nutrition, Indonesia launched a program known as the National Movement to Accelerate Nutrition Improvement in the framework of the First Thousand Lives (1000 HPK Movement). Presidential Regulation number 42 of 2013 states that specific and sensitive interventions are needed to tackle the problem of malnutrition (Ministry of Health Regulation 2013). Even though there have been many programs by the government, until now, nutritional problems such as being underweight, wasting and stunting still have a fairly high prevalence. Many studies have been conducted regarding the factors that influence nutritional problems, but each study in a different location will produce different results. In theory, food safety and parenting style for toddlers will affect food consumption, which will ultimately have an impact on the nutritional status of toddlers. Based on this, researchers are interested in analysing the relationship between parenting, parenting food consumption, and food security with nutritional status in toddlers which, in theory, is a factor in the occurrence of nutritional problems. This study uses some data from a study entitled "Analysis of Household Socioeconomic and Gender-Based Determinants of Food and Nutrition Security in Rural and Urban Areas: A Study in West Java, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and West Nusa Tenggara". The research was conducted in May-January 2023 in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. This research has received Ethical Approval from the Research Ethics Commission involving Humans IPB University with No.78680/IT3.KEPMSM-IPB/SK/2022. The total subjects in this study were 91 toddlers aged 24-59 months. Respondents in this study were mothers of toddlers aged 24-59 months in Cianjur Regency. The inclusion criteria in the study were that the respondents were mothers of children under five aged 24-59 months in Cianjur Regency and were willing and ready to participate in this study using Indonesian. The data used in this research is primary data. Researchers collected the data through interviews using questionnaires and direct measurements. Data on subject characteristics collected through a questionnaire included age, gender, mother's education, mother's occupation, mother's level of knowledge related to nutrition, family socio-economic status, food security, parenting style and history of infectious diseases. Data on consumption patterns, including nutrient intake and food quality, were collected through questionnaires, 24-hour recall, Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS), and Household Dietary Diversity Questionnaire (HDDS). Data related to food security consisting of food insecurity was collected using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) questionnaire. Data analysis used SPSS 23.0 using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, chi-square, and logistic regression test. The analysis showed that half (57.1%) of children under five were female, and 54.9% had low birth weight. About a third (39.6%) of mothers with children under five had only elementary school education, and (41.8%) had moderate knowledge of nutrition, more than three-quarters (74.7%) of mothers did not work, and high family income (72,5%). Toddlers with stunting nutritional status (40.7%) have a higher prevalence than wasting (9.9%) and underweight (19.8%). The results of the bivariate analysis, food security is significantly related to stunting nutritional status but not wasting and underweight nutritional status. The level of adequacy of macronutrients (protein and energy) has a significant effect on stunting nutritional status but is not related to wasted and underweight nutritional status. Food diversity at the household level is not related to nutritional status (stunting, wasting, and underweight), while food diversity at the individual level is related to underweight and stunting, but not to wasting. Parenting and healthy parenting are related to stunting and underweight but not wasting. Factors that affect nutritional status are not only caused by health factors. Therefore, cooperation with various stakeholders is needed to overcome these nutritional problems. It is recommended for further research to analyse the factors that influence nutritional status with a different research design, for example, a case-control research design.