Keanekaragaman Kumbang (Ordo Coleoptera) pada Kanopi Tumbuhan di Empat Tipe Penggunaan Lahan di Jambi
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Date
2023-08-07Author
Utari, Endah Hari
Hidayat, Purnama
Sartiami, Dewi
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Kumbang Ordo Coleoptera merupakan ordo terbesar di kelas Insecta yang memiliki keanekaragaman lebih dari 300.000 spesies. Persebaran kumbang dapat ditemukan hampir di semua habitat (darat maupun perairan) dan melimpah di negara tropis seperti Indonesia. Anggota kelompok ini berperan dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan ekosistem dan sebagai bioindikator lingkungan. Sebanyak 21.758 spesies kumbang terdapat di Indonesia hal ini didukung oleh ketersediaan habitat yang cocok sebagai tempat hidup serangga tersebut, seperti hutan hujan tropis yang tersebar di Pulau Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan dan Papua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mempelajari keanekaragaman kumbang dan mengetahui komposisi famili kumbang pada empat tipe penggunaan lahan di Jambi. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari proyek penelitian CRC (Collaborative Research Center) 990 – EFForTS Group Z02.
Spesimen kumbang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini telah tersedia di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, IPB. Spesimen tersebut merupakan hasil pengambilan sampel arthropoda kanopi tahun 2017 di kawasan Hutan Harapan dan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas (TNBD), Jambi. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode pengasapan (fogging). Pengasapan dilakukan pada pagi hari mulai pukul 06.00 WIB menggunakan insektisida piretroid pada masing-masing sub-plot yang telah ditentukan. Proses pengambilan sampel diawali dengan memasang delapan wadah penampung (ukuran 1 m x 1 m) berbentuk limas terbalik di bawah kanopi yang terpilih. Setiap wadah penampung diberi botol plastik di bawahnya berisikan alkohol 96%, dan disimpan dalam plastik sampel kemudian diberi label. Proses sortasi diawali dengan memisahkan spesimen kumbang dari sampel Arthropoda kanopi lainnya, berdasarkan karakter morfologi secara umum. Kemudian dilanjutkan proses identifikasi sampai level famili dan morfospesies dengan menggunakan berbagai buku acuan.
Kumbang kanopi yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini berjumlah 8.886 individu, 58 famili dengan 753 morfospesies. Kelimpahan dan kekayaan kumbang kanopi di lanskap Hutan Harapan lebih tinggi dibandingkan lanskap TNBD, sedangkan pada empat tipe lahan tertinggi di hutan karet dan hutan hujan dibandingkan perkebunan karet dan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Famili Curculionidae dan Cerambycidae merupakan famili kumbang dengan kelimpahan dan kekayaan tertinggi. Terdapat delapan famili kumbang temuan tunggal di Hutan Harapan yaitu famili Clambidae, Eucinetidae, Eunemidae, Leoididae, Melandryidae, Nosodentridae, Propalticidae, Sphindidae dan satu famili kumbang ekslusif hanya ditemukan di lanskap Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas yaitu famili Lampyridae. Keanekaragaman Shannon dan Simpson lebih rendah di perkebunan kelapa sawit dibandingkan hutan hujan, hutan karet dan perkebunan karet. Komposisi komunitas kumbang kanopi serupa di hutan hujan dan hutan karet didukung oleh kerapatan pohon serta vegetasi yang heterogen, berbeda dengan perkebunan karet dan kelapa sawit kerapatan vegetasi rendah dan didominasi oleh serasah. Peran fungsional kumbang kanopi tertinggi yaitu pada kelompok herbivora hal ini disebabkan ketersediaan sumber pakan yang melimpah di semua tipe lahan. Beetles (Coleoptera) are the largest order of insects and have a diversity of more than 300.000 species. The distribution of beetles can be found in almost all habitats (land and water) and is abundant in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Members of this group play a role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem and as environmental bioindicator. As 21.758 species of beetles are found in Indonesia, supported the availability of suitable habitats for these insects to live, such as tropical rainforest scattered on the islands of Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Papua. This study aims to identify and determine the diversity of canopy beetles and the composition of canopy beetles in four types of land use in Jambi.This research is part of the project CRC 990 – EFForTS Group Z02. The beetle specimens (Coleoptera) used in this study were specimens that were already available at the Biological Control Laboratory, Plant Protection Department, IPB University.
The beetle's specimen results from sampling canopy arthropods in 2017 in the Harapan forest and Bukit Duabelas National Park (TNBD), Jambi. Method sampling was fogging method (Drescher et al. 2016). The fogging process in the morning starts at 06.00 WIB using pyrethroid insecticides in each of the sub-plots determined. Sampling began with eight funnels (1 m x 1 m) in the shape of five upsides down under the selected canopy. Each funnel was given a plastic bottle containing 96% alcohol, stored in a plastic sample, and labeled. The process begins by separating beetle specimens (Coleoptera) from Arthropod canopy samples based on general morphological characteristics. Then the next process comes to family and morphospecies using various reference books.
Canopy beetles found in this study totalled 8886 individuals consist of 58 families with 753 morphospecies. The abundance and richness of canopy beetles in the Harapan landscape were higher than in the TNBD landscape, while the four land types were highest in jungle rubber and rainforest compared to rubber plantations and oil palm plantations. Curculionidae and Cerambycidae were the beetle families with the highest abundance and richness. There were eight single beetle families found in Harapan Forest famili Clambidae, Eucinetidae, Eunemidae, Leoididae, Melandryidae, Nosodentridae, Propalticidae, Sphindidae and one exclusive beetle family that only occurs in the landscape of Bukit Dua Belas National Park, namely the Lampyridae family. Shannon and Simpson's diversity was lower in oil palm plantations than in rainforests, rubber forests, and rubber plantations. The composition of the canopy beetle community was similar in the rain forest and jungle rubber, supported by a heterogeneous density of trees and vegetation. In contrast to rubber and oil palm plantations, the vegetation density was low and dominated by litter. The highest functional role of canopy beetles is in the herbivore group, this is due to the availability of abundant food sources in all types of land.
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