Prevalensi Cemaran Bakteri Indikator Sanitasi dan Patogen pada Daging Ayam dan Produk Olahannya di Indonesia: Tinjauan Sistematis dan Meta-Analisis
Date
2023Author
Sipayung, Sri Madiarti
Rahayu, Winiati P.
Nurjanah, Siti
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Daging ayam menjadi salah satu pangan hewani yang digemari masyarakat di Indonesia. Daging ayam memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi sehingga memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap cemaran mikrobiologis, sehingga perlu diperhatikan keamanannya. Penelitian tentang cemaran pada daging ayam dan produk olahannya telah banyak dilakukan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia dengan hasil yang bervariasi. Melalui meta-analisis menggunakan berbagai data yang telah dilaporkan, dapat diperoleh ukuran sampel penelitian yang lebih besar agar hasil lebih umum dan komprehensip.
Prosedur penelitian dilakukan dengan dua tahapan, tahap pertama tinjauan sistematis yang mencakup pencarian literatur pada basis data (Google Scholar¸ Cross Ref, Pro Quest, PubMed dan Science Direct), seleksi literatur, ekstraksi data dan tahap kedua meta-analisis. Pencarian literatur pada basis data Google scholar dan Cross Ref menggunakan bantuan perangkat lunak Publish or Perish 8 dengan kata kunci/frasa dan pencarian literatur pada basis data PubMed, Science Direct dan Pro Quest menggunakan kata kunci/frasa dan operator Boolean OR dan AND untuk mempermudah pencarian literatur. Meta-analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak meta-analisis Open Meta [Analyst]. Pengukuran effect size yang merupakan proporsi/prevalensi cemaran bakteri ditentukan dengan model random-effects dengan metode DerSimonian–Laird. Hasil meta-analisis disajikan dalam tabel dan forest plot.
Hasil seleksi dengan PRISMA menghasilkan 44 studi yang berasal dari 25 literatur yang terkait dengan cemaran bakteri pada daging dan olahannya di Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil meta-analisis diperoleh prevalensi sampel tercemar bakteri di Indonesia sebesar 32,8% (95% CI: 21,6-44,1%; p<0,001). Nilai heterogenitas yang tinggi (I2 =99,49%) menungkinkan dilakukan meta-analisis sub-group berdasarkan jenis sampel, jenis bakteri pencemar dan lokasi pengambilan sampel. Hasil meta-analisis sub-group berdasarkan jenis sampel menunjukkan prevalensi tertinggi diperoleh dari olahan daging ayam (47,8%; 95% CI: 13,9-81,8%; p<0,001), sedangkan jenis bakterinya adalah E. coli (45,3%; 95% CI:15,4-75,3%; p<0,001), S. aureus (44,3%; 95% CI: -5,2-93,8%, p<0,001), Salmonella sp. (30,6%; 95% CI: 18,8-42,5%; p<0,001), Campylobacter sp. (20%; 95% CI: 10,9-29,0%; p<0,001), dan L. monocytogenes (15,7%; 95% CI:10,5-21,0%; p=0,840). Daging ayam dan olahannya dari pasar tradisional mempunyai tingkat prevalensi cemaran bakteri yang lebih tinggi (31,2%; 95% CI: 20,9-41,4%; p<0,001) dibandingkan dengan pasar modern (18,2%; 95% CI: 8,9-27,5%; p<0,001). Tingginya cemaran bakteri pada produk olahan daging ayam (47,8%; 95% CI: 13,9-81,8%; p<0,001) mengharuskan produsen selalu menerapkan praktik keamanan pangan mulai dari pemilihan bahan baku hingga pangan siap dikonsumsi. Prevalensi cemaran pada meta-analisis sub-group memiliki potensi bias karena jumlah studi dan informasi yang terbatas. Chicken meat is one of the most popular animal-based foods in Indonesia. Chicken meat has a high nutritional content that has a high risk of microbiological contamination, which necessitates attention to its safety. Research on contamination in chicken meat and its processed products has been conducted in various regions in Indonesia with varying results. A larger sample size can be obtained through meta-analysis using reported data to generate more generalizable and comprehensive findings.
The research procedure consisted of two stages: a systematic review phase that included a literature search in databases (Google Scholar, Cross Ref, Pro Quest, PubMed, and Science Direct), literature selection, data extraction, and a meta-analysis phase. A literature search in Google Scholar and Cross Ref databases was conducted using the Publish or Perish 8 software with specific keywords/phrases, while searches in PubMed, Science Direct, and Pro-Quest databases utilized keywords/phrases and Boolean operators (OR and AND) to facilitate literature retrieval. Meta-analysis was performed using the Open Meta [Analyst] software. Effect size measurement, which represents the proportion/prevalence of bacterial contamination, was determined using the random-effects model with the DerSimonian–Laird method. The results of the meta-analysis were presented in tables and forest plots.
Based on PRISMA selection criteria, 44 studies from 25 relevant literature sources were included in the analysis of bacterial contamination in chicken meat and its processed products in Indonesia. The meta-analysis results showed a prevalence of bacterial contamination in samples in Indonesia of 32.8% (95% CI: 21.6-44.1%; p<0.001). The high heterogeneity value (I2 = 99.49%) allowed for subgroup meta-analysis based on sample type, contaminating bacterial species, and sampling location. The subgroup meta-analysis results based on sample type showed the highest prevalence in processed chicken meat (47.8%; 95% CI: 13.9-81.8%; p<0.001), while the bacterial species were E. coli (45.3%; 95% CI: 15.4-75.3%; p<0.001), S. aureus (44.3%; 95% CI: -5.2-93.8%, p < 0.001), Salmonella sp. (30.6%; 95% CI: 18.8-42.5%; p<0.001), Campylobacter sp. (20%; 95% CI: 10.9-29.0%; p<0.001), and L. monocytogenes (15.7%; 95% CI: 10.5-21.0%; p=0.84). Chicken meat and its processed products obtained from traditional markets had a higher prevalence of bacterial contamination (31.2%; 95% CI: 20.9-41.4%; p<0.001) compared to modern markets (18.2%; 95% CI: 8.9-27.5%; p<0.001). The high bacterial contamination in processed chicken meat (47.8%; 95% CI: 13.9-81.8%; p<0.001) highlights the necessity for producers to consistently implement food safety practices from raw material selection to the consumption of the final product. The prevalence of contamination in sub-group meta-analysis has a potential bias due to the limited number of studies and information.
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- MT - Agriculture Technology [2276]