Karakteristik Kayu Cepat Tumbuh Hasil Impregnasi Nano Silika Daun Bambu Betung
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Date
2019Author
Dirna, Fitria Cita
Rahayu, Istie Sekartining
Maddu, Akhiruddin
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Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) dan Sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) merupakan dua jenis kayu cepat tumbuh yang memiliki beberapa kelemahan, yaitu berat jenis, kekuatan, keawetan, kerapatan, dan stabilitas dimensi yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu teknologi yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas kayu cepat tumbuh yaitu dengan modifikasi kayu. Salah satu metode modifikasi kayu adalah impregnasi.
Proses impregnasi memiliki keunggulan yaitu dapat meningkatan kerapatan dan kekerasan kayu dengan memasukkan senyawa molekul ke dalam struktur kayu. Impregnasi yang dilakukan menggunakan kombinasi Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) dan nano silika daun bambu betung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perlakuan impregnasi MEG dan nano silika daun bambu betung terhadap kestabilan dimensi dan kerapatan kayu jabon dan sengon, serta menganalisis karakteristik kayu jabon dan sengon hasil impregnasi.
Bahan-bahan yang digunakan terdiri dari kayu jabon dan sengon umur 5 tahun, daun bambu betung, MEG, PEG 6000, NH4OH, H2SO4, NaOH, dan Air demin. Silika diekstraksi dari daun bambu betung menggunakan metode refluks, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses sonikasi untuk menghasilkan nano silika. Kayu jabon dan sengon yang digunakan berukuran 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm. Larutan impregnasi yang digunakan yaitu larutan MEG, MEGSilika 0.5%, MEGSilika 0.75%, dan MEGSilika 1%. Proses impregnasi dimulai dengan pemberian vakum 0.5 bar selama 60 menit dan dilanjutkan dengan pemberian tekanan 2.5 bar selama 120 menit. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi stabilitas dimensi, dan kerapatan serta uji karakterisasi menggunakan PSA, SEM-EDX, XRD, dan FTIR.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nano silika yang dihasilkan berukuran 234.49-851.36 nm, dengan ukuran rataan sebesar 472.67 nm. Perlakuan impregnasi MEG dan nano silika berpengaruh nyata terhadap stabilitas dimensi (weight percent gain, anti-swelling efficiency, water uptake, bulking effect) dan kerapatan pada kayu jabon dan sengon. Perubahan morfologi kayu jabon dan sengon hasil impregnasi ditunjukkan dengan tertutupnya noktah pada dinding vessel (hasil analisis SEM), dan terdeteksinya kandungan ethylene (hasil analisis FTIR) dan silika (hasil analisis XRD, dan FTIR). Secara keseluruhan perlakuan MEGSilika 0.75% menunjukkan perlakuan paling optimum untuk meningkatkan stabilitas dimensi dan kerapatan kayu jabon dan sengon umur 5 tahun. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) are fast growing wood species which have low quality characteristics i.e. low specific gravity, strength, durability, density, and dimensional stability. Therefore, it takes a technology that can improve the quality of fast growing wood with wood modification. One method of wood modification is impregnation.
Impregnation process could increase the density and hardness of wood by impregnating molecular compound into wood structure. The impregnation process that were used in this research was performed by using a combination of Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) and nano silica made from leaves of betung bamboo. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of MEG and nano silica made from leaves of betung bamboo impregnation treatment on dimensional stability, and density, of jabon and sengon wood, and to identify the characteristics of impregnated jabon and sengon wood.
Five yars old jabon and sengon were used in this study. The other materials were leaves of betung bamboo, MEG, PEG 6000, NH4OH, H2SO4, NaOH, and demineral water. Silica is extracted from leaves of betung bamboo using the reflux method, then proceed with sonication to produce nano silica. Jabon and sengon wood were cut by the dimension of 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm. The impregnation solution were MEG, MEGSilika 0.5%, MEGSilika 0.75%, and MEGSilika 1%. The impregnation process was initiated by applying 0.5 bar of vacuum for 60 min and followed by 2.5 bar of pressure for 120 min. The parameters such as dimensional stability and density were analyzed. The characterization analysis were performed by PSA, SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR.
The results showed that the size of nano silica was 234.49-851.36 nm, with an average size of 472.67 nm. The MEG and nano silica impregnation treatment had significant effect on jabon and sengon wood dimensional stability (weight percent gain, anti-swelling efficiency, water uptake, bulking effect), and density. The morphological changes of the jabon and sengon wood were indicated by the closure of pits in the vessel wall (SEM analysis results), and the detection of ethylene (FTIR results analysis) and silica contents (XRD and FTIR analysis results). Overall MEGSilika 0.75% was the most optimum treatment to increase dimensional stability and density of 5-year-old Jabon and Sengon wood.
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