Telaah Pengendalian Penyakit Antraknosa (Colletotrichum spp.) pada Buah-buahan dengan Ekstrak Tanaman

Abstract

Buah merupakan salah satu produk hortikultura yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat karena kaya akan nutrisi yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh. Namun, buah pascapanen saat ini masih memiliki banyak masalah, seperti penyakit antraknosa (Colletotrichum spp.). Ekstrak tanaman merupakan senyawa alami yang sangat menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif fungisida sintetis karena memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang aman bagi kesehatan manusia dan kelestarian lingkungan. Studi pustaka ini bertujuan mencatat dan menganalisis tren penelitian tentang aplikasi ekstrak tanaman dalam mengendalikan penyakit antraknosa (Colletotrichum spp.) pada buah-buahan. Studi literatur dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan berbagai data dan informasi dari beberapa literatur yang bereputasi. Data yang diperoleh dari masing-masing literatur, termasuk uji in vitro dan in vivo dari masing-masing ekstrak tanaman kemudian dirangkum dan ditabulasikan. Tahapan penulisan dimulai dari perumusan masalah, pengumpulan data, analisis dan sintesis data, kesimpulan dan saran. Hasil studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak yang paling efektif dalam menekan pertumbuhan pada pengujian in vitro, yaitu ekstrak daun sirih (Piper aduncum), daun sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), daun gambir (Uncaria gambir), dan daun karuk (Piper sarmentosum) dengan daya hambat 100%. Ekstrak daun serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus), daun karuk (Piper sarmentosum), daun mint (Mentha cordifolia), rimpang jahe (Zingiber officinale), dan daun melati laut (Clerodendrum inerme) mampu menghambat perkecambahan konidia hingga 100%. . Ekstrak tanaman yang efektif pada uji in vivo, yaitu rimpang jahe (Zingiber officinale) dan ekstrak daun kersen muda (Muntingia calabura) dengan kejadian dan keparahan penyakit sebesar 18% dan 1,55%.

Fruits are one of the horticultural products that are in great demand by the public because they are rich in nutrients that are beneficial to the health of the body. However, postharvest fruits currently still has many problems, such as anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.). Plant extracts are natural compounds that are very promising to be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides because they have an antimicrobial activity that is safe for human health and environmentally friendly. This literature study aims to record and analyze trends in research about application of plant extracts to control anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.) of fruits. The literature study was carried out by collecting various data and information from several reputable literature. The data obtained from each literature, including in vitro and in vivo test of each plant extract were then summarized and tabulated. The writing stages start from problem formulation, data collection, data analysis and synthesis, conclusions and suggestions. The literature study results indicate that extracts that were most effective in suppressing growth in vitro testing were: extract of Betel leaves (Piper aduncum), Sambiloto leaves (Andrographis paniculata), Gambier leaves (Uncaria gambir), and Karuk leaves (Piper sarmentosum) with 100% hyphal growth inhibition. Extracts of Citronella leaves (Cymbopogon nardus), Karuk leaves (Piper sarmentosum), Mint leaves (Mentha cordifolia), Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) and Sea jasmine leaves (Clerodendrum inerme) were most effective to inhibit conidial germination until 100%. The effective plant extracts in in vivo test namely Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) and Young cherry leaf extract (Muntingia calabura) with disease incidence and severity of 18% and 1,55%, respectively.