Optimalisasi Integrated Farming System Tanaman Kopi dan Ternak Kambing di Sumatera Utara
Date
2023-01-19Author
Hida, Dinda Aslam Nurul
Rachmina, Dwi
Rifin, Amzul
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Integrated farming system menjadi solusi dari salah satu dampak negatif dari berkembangnya sistem pertanian konvensional. Pertanian konvensional secara teknis menggunakan konsep high external input agriculture (HEIA), yaitu konsep yang produksinya bergantung pada senyawa kimia sintetis dan cenderung menggunakan input luar secara berlebihan. HEIA dalam jangka panjang akan menciptakan permasalahan seperti kondisi lingkungan yang rusak dan berbahaya bagi makhluk hidup termasuk manusia. Petani mulai beralih ke konsep pertanian yang lebih ramah lingkungan, yaitu konsep pertanian low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA).
Kementerian Pertanian melalui Ditjen Perkebunan menerapkan kebijakan pengembangan komoditi perkebunan kopi berkelanjutan yang dipadukan dengan pengelolaan ternak kambing, berorientasi pada konsep usaha pertanian tanpa limbah atau disebut dengan zero waste production system. Limbah yang dihasilkan dari usahatani kopi berupa pulp kopi dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi pakan ternak kambing. Kemudiam, limbah ternak kambing yang dikelola melalui pemisahan antara limbah padat dan cair dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi pupuk kandang tanaman kopi.
Integrated farming system tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing telah diterapkan oleh beberapa petani kopi di Sumatera Utara, yang merupakan program pembinaan oleh agronom Farmer Support Center (FSC) Starbucks Sumatera Utara. Program ini masih melibatkan kurang dari 0,2% petani. Dengan keterbatasan sumber daya, petani belum menemukan kondisi optimal pada integrated farming system tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing di Sumatera Utara, petani belum mampu memaksimalkan pendapatan. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimal pada integrated farming system tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing sehingga dapat memaksimalkan pendapatan petani.
Penelitian ini dilakukan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara, dengan pertimbangan Farmer Support Center Starbucks Indonesia berada di Sumatera Utara dan terdapat integrated farming system tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing yang diterapkan oleh petani di Sumatera Utara. Analisis kuantitaif dengan model linear programming dilakukan secara komputasi dibantu software LINDO 6.1. Pengaplikasian integrated farming system tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing di daerah penelitian dikelompokkan menjadi dua model yang berbeda berdasarkan penggunaan produk antara usahatani kopi dan usahaternak kambing. Unit petani tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing yang memanfaatkan produk antara dikelompokkan pada model integrasi (MA), dan unit petani tanaman kopi dan ternak kambing yang tanpa memanfaatkan produk antara dikelompokkan pada model semi integrasi (MB).
Berdasarkan analisis pendapatan optimal, pendapatan petani dengan model integrasi (MA) memperoleh Rp169.358.700,00, sedangkan pendapatan petani dengan menggunakan model semi integrasi (MB) memperoleh Rp158.501.500,00, pendapatan petani model integrasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan model semi terintegrasi dikarenakan adanya peningkatan kuantitas produktivitas gabah kopi menjadi 1,68 ton/ha/tahun dengan pola simple shade coffee yaitu menanam kopi dengan tanaman pelindung sebanyak 300 pohon/ha, serta peningkatan jumlah pemeliharaan ternak kambing, dari kondisi aktual 59,33 ekor kambing menjadi 117 ekor kambing.
Harga jual gabah kopi model integrasi dan harga jual kambing model semi integrasi memiliki selang kepekaan yang kecil, dan paling rentan terhadap perubahan pendapatan per unitnya. Kendala transfer kotoran dan urine kambing merupakan kendala aktif yang memiliki selang kepekaan kecil. Hal ini menunjukkan kendala kotoran dan urine kambing merupakan kendala yang paling peka terhadap perubahan nilai RHS. Apabila terjadi perubahan nilai RHS sehingga adanya perubahan yang melebihi selang kepekaan, maka akan menyebabkan dual price dan solusi optimal berubah.
Saran yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini diharapkan untuk menerapkan model integrasi (MA) antara aktivitas usahatani kopi dan usahaternak kambing optimal, sehingga petani memperoleh pendapatan maksimal dengan cara memanfaatkan seluruh produk antara yang dihasilkan usahatani kopi dan usahaternak kambing sebagai masing-masing input produksi, serta tidak melakukan aktivitas jual produk antara. Petani perlu mengurangi penggunaan tenaga kerja luar keluarga agar dapat menekan biaya produksi serta diperlukan peningkatan wawasan petani dalam pengelolaan integrated farming system tanaman dan ternak. The integrated farming system is a solution to one of the negative impacts of developing conventional farming systems. Conventional agriculture technically uses the concept of high external input agriculture (HEIA), a concept whose production depends on synthetic chemical compounds and tends to use external inputs excessively. HEIA in the long term will create problems such as damaged and dangerous environmental conditions for living things including humans. Farmers are switching to more environmentally friendly agricultural concepts, namely the low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) concept.
The Ministry of Agriculture through the Directorate General of Plantations implements a policy of developing sustainable coffee plantation commodities combined with management of goat livestock, oriented towards the concept of a zero waste farming business known as a zero waste production system. The waste from coffee farming in the form of coffee pulp can be used as goat feed. Then, goat livestock waste, managed through the separation of solid and liquid waste, can be used as manure for coffee plants.
The integrated farming system for coffee plants and goat livestock has been implemented by several coffee farmers in North Sumatra, a coaching program by the North Sumatra Starbucks Farmer Support Center (FSC) agronomist. This program still involves less than 0.2% of farmers. With limited resources, farmers have not found optimal conditions in the integrated farming system of coffee plants and goat livestock in North Sumatra, farmers have not been able to maximize income. Therefore, this study aims to determine optimal conditions for the integrated farming system of coffee plants and goat livestock to maximize farmers' income.
This research was conducted in North Sumatra Province, considering that Starbucks Indonesia's Farmer Support Center is in North Sumatra and there is an integrated farming system for coffee plants and goat farming implemented by farmers in North Sumatra. Quantitative analysis using a linear programming model was performed computationally with the help of LINDO 6.1 software. The application of the integrated farming system for coffee plants and goat farming in the study area is grouped into two different models based on the use of products between coffee farming and goat farming. Coffee plant and goat farming units that utilize intermediate products are grouped in the integration model (MA), and coffee plant and goat farming units that do not utilize intermediate products are grouped in the semi-integration model (MB).
Based on the analysis of optimal income, the income of farmers with the integration model (MA) earns IDR 169,358,700.00, while the income of farmers using the semi-integrated model (MB) earns IDR 158,501,500.00, the income of the integrated model farmers is higher than the semi-integrated model due to increasing the quantity of coffee grain productivity to 1.68 tons/ha/year with the simple shade coffee pattern, namely planting coffee with cover crops of 300 trees/ha, as well as increasing the number of raising goats, from the actual condition of 59.33 goats to 117 goats .
The selling price of coffee grain in the integrated model and the selling price of goat in the semi-integrated model have a small range of sensitivity, and are the most vulnerable to changes in income per unit. Obstacles to the transfer of feces and urine of goats are active constraints with a small sensitivity range. This shows that goat feces and urine constraints are the most sensitive constraints to changes in RHS values. If there is a change in the RHS value so that there is a change that exceeds the sensitivity interval, it will cause the dual price and the optimal solution to change.
The suggestions resulting from this research are expected to apply an integration model (MA) between coffee farming activities and optimal goat farming, so that farmers get maximum income by utilizing all intermediate products produced by coffee farming and goat farming as each production input, and not carry out intermediate product selling activities. Farmers need to reduce the use of labor outside the family in order to reduce production costs and it is necessary to increase farmer insight in the management of integrated farming systems for crops and livestock.
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