Dinamika Perluasan Perkotaan : Hubungan Perubahan Tutupan Lahan dengan Bentuk Perkotaan Wilayah Kabupaten Tangerang

Abstract

Kabupaten Tangerang tergabung dalam wilayah metropolitan Jabodetabek mengalami fenomena perluasan perkotaan akibat proses urbanisasi dan suburbanisasi yang mengarah terjadinya urban sprawl dan pertumbuhan fisik perkotaan semakin tidak terkendali. Informasi urban form diperlukan agar proses perencanaan pengembangan wilayah dapat terarah dan berkelanjutan berdasarkan karakteristik pola spasial yang terbentuk. Perubahan tutupan lahan sebagai dampak perluasan perkotaan diamati pada level kecamatan setiap wilayah pengembangan (WP) berdasarkan hirarki struktur ruang RTRW Kabupaten Tangerang yang dibagi menjadi 3 wilayah pengembangan yaitu WP I, II dan III. Penelitian bertujuan: 1) menganalisis trend urban expansion dalam bentuk perubahan tutupan lahan, 2) mengidentifikasi karakteristik urban form dan 3) menganalisis keselarasan antara tutupan lahan dengan pola ruang RTRW Kabupaten Tangerang. Analisis perubahan tutupan lahan dilakukan dengan overlay peta tutupan lahan tahun 2015 dan 2020 serta tabulasi matriks perubahan tutupan lahan (crosstab), karakteristik urban form di analisis dengan Spatial Metric menggunakan variabel density, continuity, clustering, dan shape serta analisis keselarasan dilakukan dengan overlay antara peta tutupan lahan dengan RTRW Kabupaten Tangerang. Perubahan tutupan lahan terjadi peningkatan luas pada tutupan lahan terbangun dan badan air serta penurunan luas pada tutupan lahan kering, sawah dan vegetasi lainnya. Karakteristik urban form tutupan lahan sawah dan lahan terbangun berdasarkan WP I berbentuk sprawl. Karakteristik urban form berdasarkan WP II tutupan lahan terbangun konstan dan lahan sawah berbentuk compact. Tutupan lahan terbangun WP III berbentuk sprawl, sedangkan pada lahan sawah berbentuk compact. Nilai keselarasan Kabupaten Tangerang termasuk kategori sangat tinggi (88%) dengan jenis ketidakselarasan terluas yaitu peruntukan kawasan pertanian dengan tutupan lahan terbangun (Kawasan Pertanian-LTB).

Tangerang Regency which is part of the Jabodetabek metropolitan area experiencing the phenomenon of urban expansion due to the process of urbanization and suburbanization can lead to urban sprawl and uncontrolled urban physical growth. Urban form information is needed so that the regional development planning process can be directed and sustainable based on the characteristics of the spatial pattern that is formed. Changes in land cover as a result of urban expansion are observed at the sub-district level of each development area (WP) based on the spatial structure hierarchy of the Tangerang Regency RTRW which is divided into 3 development areas, namely WP I, II, and III. This research aims: 1) to analyze urban expansion trends in the form of land cover changes, 2) to identify the characteristics of the urban form, and 3) to compare the characteristics of the urban form to the RTRW of Tangerang Regency. The land use change analysis carried out with 2015 and 2020 land cover maps overlay and change matrix tabulation land cover (crosstab), urban form characteristics were analyzed using Spatial Metric density index, continuity, clustering/fragmentation, and shape, and alignment analysis were carried out by overlaying between maps land cover with RTRW Tangerang Regency. Changes in land cover increased the area of built-up land and water bodies and a decrease in the area of dry land, paddy fields, and other vegetation. Characteristics of urban form on paddy field cover and built-up land based on WP I are in the form of sprawl. Characteristics of urban form based on WP II constant built-up land cover and compact paddy fields. The WP III built-up land cover is in the form of sprawl, while in paddy fields it is compact. The alignment value of Tangerang Regency is in the very high category (88%) with the widest type of non-conformity, namely the designation of agricultural areas with built-up land cover (Agricultural AreasLTB).