Ekspansi Pertanian di Kawasan Konservasi Koridor Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Jawa Barat: Tipologi, Arah Perubahan dan Gerakan Agraria Lokal
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2022-06-09Author
Sulastri
Dharmawan, Arya Hadi
Darusman, Dudung
Wahyuni, Ekawati Sri
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RINGKASAN
SULASTRI. Ekspansi Pertanian di Kawasan Konservasi Koridor Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Jawa Barat: Tipologi, Arah Perubahan dan Gerakan Agraria Lokal. Dibimbing oleh ARYA HADI DHARMAWAN, DUDUNG DARUSMAN dan EKAWATI SRI WAHYUNI.
Banyak studi menunjukkan adanya konflik di antara berbagai pihak untuk memperebutkan akses sumber daya di kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak (TNGHS). Ekspansi pertanian merupakan bentuk upaya petani untuk memperoleh akses di kawasan TNGHS. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan; 1) tipologi/bentuk ekspansi pertanian berkaitan dengan sejarah kawasan TNGHS, 2) ekspansi pertanian dan implikasinya pada perubahan ekonomi, sosial, demografi dan lingkungan hidup di kawasan TNGHS, 3) ekspansi pertanian terjadi dalam konteks relasi kuasa negara atas penguasaan lahan di kawasan taman nasional.
Studi ini dilakukan di Kawasan Koridor TNGHS, Jawa Barat dengan menggunakan metode campuran, baik kualitatif dan kuanitatif. Pengumpulan data kualitatif dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai Oktober 2019 dan bulan April 2021 dengan mewawancarai 26 informan. Peneliti juga melakukan percakapan melalui WhatsApp dan telpon karena situasi pandemi Covid 19. Sedangkan survei dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2020 kepada 57 responden petani penggarap lahan TNGHS dan tinggal di desa Cipeuteuy.
Studi ini menemukan bahwa ekspansi pertanian di kawasan TNGHS berkaitan dengan sejarah akuisisi lahan yang didominasi oleh kepentingan penguasa sejak masa Hindia Belanda hingga masa kemerdekaan. Namun demikian, kebijakan perluasan kawasan TNGHS pada tahun 2003 tidak mampu menahan laju perambahan yang dilakukan oleh petani yang berjuang memperoleh kembali ruang hidupnya di kawasan TNGHS. Ekspansi pertanian di koridor TNGHS terkonsentrasi (concentrated expansion) pada batas antara pemukiman dan taman nasional, yang sebelumnya merupakan lahan garapan petani di wilayah konsesi Perum Perhutani. Ekspansi pertanian berimplikasi pada terjadinya perubahan sosial, demografi, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup di kawasan TNGHS.
Ekspansi pertanian yang meluas di Kawasan Koridor TNGHS telah mengubah pemanfaatan dan tutupan lahan (land used and land cover) dari fungsi konservasi menjadi fungsi pertanian. Ekspansi pertanian ini tidak terhindarkan hampir memutus kawasan konservasi pada koridor yang menghubungkan ekosistem Gunung Halimun dan Gunung Salak. Kebutuhan petani untuk mata pencaharian di kawasan taman nasional dan kemampuan refleksif petani untuk mengubah relasi kuasa selama masa reformasi telah mendorong petani untuk melakukan ekspansi pertanian. Selain itu diperkuat oleh adanya kekuatan eksternal, yaitu pemodal dari luar desa, perbaikan infrastruktur yang mempermudah akses penjualan produk pertanian ke kota dan aktivisme gerakan agraria. Kegiatan pertanian semakin berlanjut dan menarik anggota keluarga untuk pulang kampung kembali ke desa (return migration) dan juga menarik tenaga kerja datang dari luar desa (in-migration).
Ada empat tipe petani yang berhasil diidentifikasi melalui penelitian ini. Mereka memiliki kemampuan untuk menggunakan modal sosial, ekonomi dan budaya dalam arena kekuasaan untuk mendapatkan akses lahan di kawasan TNGHS. Analisis bundle of power dan bundle of right dalam skema hak milik menghasilkan empat tipe petani, yaitu: tipe 1, legal claimant; (A) berdasarkan identitas, jaringan sosial dan modal ekonomi; (B) berdasarkan identitas dan jaringan sosial; tipe 2, de facto authorized user, pendatang yang memiliki akses berdasarkan modal jaringan sosial dan modal ekonomi; dan tipe 3, squatter/illegal claimant memiliki akses berdasarkan identitas lokal tetapi tidak memenuhi persyaratan untuk mendapatkan hak akses dari pengelola taman nasional.
Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa ekspansi pertanian di koridor TNGHS terjadi dalam konteks relasi kuasa negara atas penguasaan lahan di kawasan taman nasional. Ekspansi pertanian di kawasan ini merupakan resistensi agraria (local agrarian resistance) yang muncul dari dorongan untuk mengambil kembali ruang hidup yang telah dikuasai oleh negara untuk kepentingan konservasi. Studi ini menemukan beberapa bentuk resistensi petani, yaitu resistensi sehari-hari (everyday resistance), resistensi atas dasar basis identitas, resistensi atas dasar hak sebagai tenaga kerja, dan atas dasar keadilan agraria. Selanjutnya, kerangka analisis kekuasaan ‘powercube’ yang digunakan pada studi ini menjelaskan terjadinya transformasi resistensi sehari-hari menjadi gerakan okupasi lahan.
Okupasi lahan merupakan tindakan kolektif petani yang sangat efektif dan berhasil untuk membuat klaim lahan meskipun tidak menggunakan kekerasan. Namun demikian, tindakan kolektif ini berpotensi menjadi gerakan agraria yang keras karena kuatnya dorongan kebutuhan ekonomi dan pengalaman tereksklusi di masa lalu. Okupasi lahan secara meluas ini berpotensi menjadi sebuah gerakan agraria (agrarian movement) karena mampu menggerakkan tumbuhnya solidaritas, konstruksi identitas bersama, keluhan (sense of grievance) bersama dan upaya perjuangan bersama.
Berdasarkan temuan studi ini pengelola taman nasional perlu melakukan upaya untuk meredam "local agrarian resistance" yang berpotensi menjadi sebuah gerakan agraria dengan kekerasan. Atas dasar itu pengelola TNGHS perlu mengubah pendekatan dalam mekanisme perencanaan dan pengambilan keputusan tentang pengelolaan taman nasional. Berdasarkan analisis dimensi kekuasaan ‘powercube’, studi ini menyarankan agar pengelola taman nasional membuat perencanaan dan keputusan pengelolaan kawasan taman nasional secara lebih terbuka (visible form of power), mau berkolaborasi dengan petani (invited space of power) dalam mengelola kawasan konservasi, dan memperhatikan implikasi kebijakan taman nasional itu di tingkat lokal (level of power), maupun di tingkat nasional. National park managers are encouraged to carry out adaptive management by developing a 'power with' mechanism. This mechanism optimizes the ability of both parties to achieve collaboration in arranging institutionally access management that gives farmers access to land accompanied by control subsequently it does not conflict with conservation goals. Managers need to change the paradigm of national park management by developing adaptive and innovative management that provides optimal environmental, social and economic benefits while taking into account the main functions of national parks.
Kata kunci: akses lahan, ekspansi pertanian, institutionally access management, local agrarian resistance, manajemen adaptif, transformasi resistensi. SUMMARY
SULASTRI. Agricultural Expansion in the Corridor Conservation Area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: Typology, Direction of Change and Local Agrarian Movement. Supervised by ARYA HADI DHARMAWAN, DUDUNG DARUSMAN dan EKAWATI SRI WAHYUNI.
Many studies have shown that there have been conflicts between various parties to compete for access to resources in the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) area. Agricultural expansion is a form of farmers' struggle to gain access to the GHSNP area. In this regard, this study aims to explain; 1) typology/forms of agricultural expansion related to the history of the GHSNP area, 2) social, demographic, economic and environmental changes in the GHSNP area in the context of agricultural expansion 3) agricultural expansion in the context of state power relations over land tenure in park areas national.
This study was conducted in the GHSNP Corridor Area, West Java using a mixed method, both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data collection was carried out from August to October 2019 and April 2021 by interviewing 26 informants. Researchers also held conversations via WhatsApp and telephone due to the Covid 19 pandemic situation. Meanwhile, the household survey was conducted in February 2020 to 57 farmer respondents who cultivate GHSNP land and live in Cipeuteuy village.
This study finds that agricultural expansion in the GHSNP area is related to the history of land acquisition which was dominated by the interests of the rulers since the Dutch East Indies period until the independence period. However, the policy of expanding GHSNP in 2003 was unable to stop the rate of encroachment by farmers who were struggling to regain their living space in the GHSNP area. Agricultural expansion in the GHSNP corridor is concentrated expansion at the boundary between settlements and the national park, which was previously cultivated by farmers in the Perum Perhutani concession area. The agricultural expansion has implications for economic, social, demographic and environmental changes in the GHSNP area.
The agricultural expansion in the GHSNP Corridor Area changed the land use and land cover from conservation to agricultural functions. Agricultural expansion has inevitably degraded the conservation area in the corridor that connects the ecosystems of Mount Halimun and Mount Salak. Farmers' need for livelihoods in the national park area and the reflexive ability of farmers to change power relations during the reformation period have encouraged farmers to carry out agricultural expansion. Moreover, agricultural expansion has been strengthened by external forces, namely investors from outside the village, improvement of village infrastructure and strengthening of agrarian activism during the political reform period. Agricultural activities continue to attract family members back to their hometowns (return migration) and have also attracted workers from outside the village (in-migration).
There are four types of farmers that have been identified through this study. They have the ability to use social, economic and cultural capital in the arena of power to gain access to land in the GHSNP area. The analysis of the bundle of power and bundle of rights in the property rights scheme resulted in four types of farmers, namely: type 1, legal claimant; (A) based on identity, social network and economic capital; (B) based on identity and social network; type 2, de facto authorized user; an immigrant farmer who has access based on social network capital and economic capital; and type 3, squatter/illegal claimant, farmer who has access based on local identity but does not meet the requirements to obtain access rights from national park managers.
This study has also found that agricultural expansion in the GHSNP corridor occurs in the context of state power relations over land tenure in the national park area. In particular, this study explains that the expansion of agriculture in this area has manifested as local agrarian resistance which has arisen due to the pressure to take back their living space that has been taken by the state for conservation purposes. This study has found that there are several forms of farmer resistance, namely everyday resistance, resistance based on identity, resistance based on rights as workers, and based on agrarian justice. The powercube analysis framework that has been used in this study has shown the transformation of everyday resistance into a land occupation movement. Land occupation has become a very effective and successful collective action for farmers to pursue land claims even though they have not used violence. However, this collective action has the potential to become a violent agrarian movement due to the strong economic needs of farmers and their experience of being excluded in the past. Therefore, this widespread land occupation needs to be considered because it has mobilized solidarity, constructed a common identity, a sense of grievance and a common struggle that encouraged the agrarian movement.
Based on the findings of this study, national park managers need to find a mechanism to reduce "local agrarian resistance" which has the potential to become a violent agrarian movement. On this basis, GHSNP managers need to change their approach to planning and decision-making mechanisms regarding national park management. Based on the analysis of the powercube dimensions, this study suggests that national park managers need to formulate plans and decisions to manage national park areas in a more open (visible form of power), willing to cooperate with farmers (invited space of power) in managing conservation areas at the local level (level of power) as well as at the national level related to national park policies. National park managers are encouraged to develop adaptive management by developing a 'power with' mechanism. This mechanism utilizes the ability of both parties to achieve collaboration so as to build institutionally access management that provides access to farmers in accordance with conservation needs. Managers need to develop adaptive and innovative management in utilizing forest area space so that environmental, social and economic benefits are optimally obtained while still taking into account the main functions of national parks.
Keywords: land access, agricultural expansion, institutionally access management, local agrarian resistance, adaptive management, resistance transformation.
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