Karakterisasi Sosial-Ekonomi, Lingkungan dan Perkembangan Desa Pegunungan Jawa Tengah.

Abstract

Desa-desa pegunungan memiliki potensi besar yang bersumber dari sektor pertanian dan pariwisata. Di sisi lain tingginya kemiskinan di daerah pegunungan disebabkan oleh buruknya aksesibilitas terhadap infrastruktur dasar. Desa-desa pegunungan di Jawa Tengah memiliki potensi tinggi terhadap bencana alam seperti tanah longsor dan angin puting beliung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis perkembangan desa berdasarkan fasilitas fisik desa pegunungan Jawa Tengah; (2) menganalisis indeks perkembangan desa berbasis Indeks Desa (ID) pada desa-desa pegunungan Jawa Tengah; (3) menganalisis komponen karakteristik sosial-ekonomi, lingkungan, dan perkembangan desa pegunungan Jawa Tengah (4) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan dan kemiskinan di desa-desa Pegunungan Dieng. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Potensi Desa tahun 2018, data kawasan hutan tahun 2017, data penggunaan lahan tahun 2018, dan data Digital Elevation Model Nasional. Analisis tingkat perkembangan fasilitas fisik desa pegunungan menggunakan analisis Skalogram (berdasarkan data Potensi Desa tahun 2018). Perkembangan desa berbasis dimensi pembangunan desa menggunakan rumus perhitungan Indeks Desa (ID). Analisis komponen karakteristik sosial-ekonomi, lingkungan, dan perkembangan desa pegunungan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Faktor-faktor perkembangan desa dan kemiskinan menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Unit analisis penelitian adalah 609 desa pegunungan di Jawa Tengah dan kajian khusus 101 desa di Pegunungan Dieng. Berdasarkan perkembangan fasilitas fisiknya, 73 desa pegunungan (11.9%) terkategori kelas hierarki I, 123 desa pegunungan (20.19%) terkategori kelas hierarki II, dan 413 desa pegunungan (67.81%) terkategori kelas hierarki III. Kategori perkembangan desa pegunungan berbasis Indeks Desa menunjukan bahwa hanya 50 desa pegunungan (8.27%) terkategori desa maju, 376 desa pegunungan (61.74%) terkategori desa berkembang, 182 desa pegunungan (29.89%) terkategori desa tertinggal, dan 1 desa pegunungan (0.16%) terkategori desa sangat tertinggal. Hasil analisis komponen karakteristik sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan desa pegunungan Jawa Tengah menunjukan hal yang paling mencirikan karakteristik desa pegunungan di Jawa Tengah adalah tingginya potensi risiko bencana sebesar 21.9%, ketersediaan fasilitas pendidikan sekolah menengah dan fasilitas kesehatan sebesar 16%, komponen ketersediaan industri mikro sebesar 13.25%, komponen fasilitas perdagangan sebesar 5.8%, dan komponen ketersediaan fasilitas kesehatan sebesar 8.8%. Ketinggian desa, transfer dana desa, sistem pertanian lahan basah, dan fasilitas kesehatan menjadi faktor penentu tingginya perkembangan desa-desa di Pegunungan Dieng. Sedangkan sektor pariwisata dan transfer dana desa menjadi faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi penurunan kemiskinan di desa-desa Pegunungan Dieng. Kata kunci: desa pegunungan, indeks desa, PCA, regresi linier, skalogram

Mountain villages have great potential that comes from the agricultural and tourism sectors. On the other hand, high poverty in mountainous areas is caused by poor access to basic infrastructure in Central Java. Mountain villages have a high potential for natural disasters such as landslides and hurricanes. The aims of this study were (1) to analyze village development based on the physical facilities of a mountainous village in Central Java; (2) to analyze the village development index based on the Village Index (ID) in mountain villages in Central Java; (3) analyzing the components of the socio-economic, environmental, and developmental characteristics of mountainous villages in Central Java (4) analyzing the factors that influence development and poverty in the villages of the Dieng Mountains. The data used in this research are the Village Potential in 2018, forest area data in 2017, land use data in 2018, and the National Digital Elevation Model data. Analysis of the level of development of mountain village physical facilities using Scalogram analysis (based on 2018 Village Potential data). Village development uses the Village Index (ID) calculation formula based on village development dimensions. Analysis of the components of the socio-economic, environmental, and developmental characteristics of mountain villages using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Analysis of factors influencing regional development and poverty using multiple linear regression. The research unit of analysis is 609 mountain villages in Central Java and a special study of 101 villages in the Dieng Mountains. Based on the development of physical facilities, 413 villages (67.81%) of mountains are categorized in hierarchical class III (less developed), 123 villages (20.19%) hierarchical class II, and 73 villages (11.9%) hierarchical class I. The category of village development based on the Village Index shows that most of the mountain villages were categorized as developing villages, namely 376 villages (61.74%), underdeveloped villages as many as 182 villages (29.89%), developed villages as many as 50 villages (8.21%), and in the category of very underdeveloped villages 1 village (0.16%). The results of the analysis of the components of the social, economic, and environmental characteristics of mountain villages in Central Java show that the most characteristic features of mountain villages in Central Java are the high potential for disaster risk of 21.9%, the availability of secondary school education facilities and health facilities by 16%, the availability component of the micro industry by 13.25%, the component of trade facilities is 5.8%, and the component of availability of health facilities is 8.8%. The elevator of the village, transfer of village funds, wetland farming systems, and health facilities are factors that can increase the development of villages in the Dieng Mountains. Meanwhile, the tourism sector and the transfer of village funds are factors that can affect the decrease in the poverty in the Dieng mountain villages. Keywords: mountain village, multiple linear regression, PCA, regional development, village index