Ecosystem Service Measurements, Trade- Offs, and Sustainability of Sweet Orange Orchard Agroecosystem in Selorejo, Malang Regency

Abstract

One of the biggest sweet orange fruits (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) production sites in Indonesia is located in Selorejo, Dau, Malang Regency. Currently, the site is however at risk of environmental degradation and constantly decreased. It is important for the development planning to improve production service without neglecting other services. This will reduce the risk of environmental changes and impacts on human welfare. This study aimed to analyze some ecosystem services and their trade-offs to create sustainable development planning for the orchards. The ecosystem service data was obtained from the interview with the sweet orange farmers and secondary data collection. Measurements of food production service used gross margin (GM) model and the orchards have GM of 12,465 IDR/m2. The biological control service is presented by the abundance of natural enemies on-site that are dominated by the Coccinellid and Formicidae families. But, the diversity of the pest and natural enemies is still considered low at 1.433 Shannon Wiener diversity index. The orchard also provided landslide prevention services as well as cultural and agrotourism services. In the carbon sequestration aspect, the orchard is leaning more to function as carbon stock. But the system can be shifted to function as a carbon sink with better management practice. We grouped the service into 2 bundles to determine their trade-offs: 1) food production-biological control-genetic diversity service bundle; and 2) moderation of extreme events-food provisioning bundle. To achieve a win-win condition and create sustainable agriculture practices on the sweet orange orchard, it is recommended for the farmer to reduce the intensive usage of chemical pesticides, use pruning biomass to make composts, use natural based pesticide, rejuvenate the root of 10 years old trees, use drip irrigation, and change the intercrops to flowering plants that would also boost the agrotourism potential.