Pengembangan Produk Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) Berbahan Kacang Hijau, Serealia, dan Minyak Nabati
Abstract
Malnutrisi akut merupakan masalah gizi akibat adanya kekurangan asupan atau kualitas zat gizi yang berlangsung dalam jangka waktu yang relatif singkat dan biasanya disertai dengan penyebab patologis. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas tahun 2018, sebanyak 10,2% balita mengalami malnutrisi akut (malnutrisi akut sedang 6,7%, malnutrisi akut berat 3,5%) (Kemekes 2018). Selain itu, berdasarkan batas ambang masalah kesehatan masyarakat masalah malnutrisi akut di Indonesia masih termasuk kategori serius. Balita yang mengalami malnutrisi akut berat akan meningkatkan resiko kematian, morbiditas dan kecacatan, lebih mudah terkena penyakit infeksi, penurunan psikomotor anak, dan penurunan kemampuan kognitif.
Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi malnutrisi akut berat adalah dengan pemberian RUTF (Ready to use therapeutic food) yang dapat meningkatkan asupan gizi dan membantu pemulihan malnutrisi akut berat pada balita. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa produk RUTF memiliki potensi mengatasi masalah malnutrisi akut berat pada balita karena dapat meningkatkan pemulihan masalah malnutrisi akut berat tanpa komplikasi dari 25-50% menjadi 80-90% (Ciliberto et al. 2005 dan Linneman et al. 2007). Kacang hijau mengandung protein yang tinggi dan mineral yang relatif tinggi (Yi-Shen et al. 2018), dapat mengurangi kejadian perut kembung (Dahiya et al. 2014), bersifat hypoallergic, serta tidak menimbulkan efek samping seperti diare (Hou et al. 2019). Kombinasi penggunaan pangan kacang-kacangan dengan serealia memiliki sifat saling melengkapi profil asam amino. Pada penelitian ini kacang hijau dikombinasikan dengan beras dan jagung. Beras memiliki kandungan karbohidrat yang tinggi, mengandung protein, lemak, zat besi, zink, kalsium, fosfor, magnesium, vitamin B1, B2, dan B3, serta bersifat mudah dicerna (Rohman et al. 2014, Wu et al. 2015). Jagung merupakan pangan sumber karbohidrat, mengandung lemak, protein, Fe, Zn, Ca, vitamin A, C, E, K, dan B kompleks. Jagung yang digunakan adalah jagung kuning karena mengandung betakaroten atau provitamin A (Budiarti et al. 2017). Minyak kelapa memiliki sifat antimikroba, antijamur, antivirus dan antibakteri (Vala dan Kapidya 2014), serta mengandung tinggi asam laurat yang mudah diserap dan dicerna oleh tubuh dan tidak membebani saluran gastointestinal (Mikolajczak 2017). Minyak kelapa sawit mengandung tinggi energi, mengandung vitamin E dan perkursor vitamin A (Boetang et al. 2016). Oleh karena itu berdasarkan potensi dari bahan pangan tersebut, peneliti tertarik pengembangan produk RUTF dalam bentuk bar.
Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan menganalisis produk Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) berbentuk bar berbahan kacang hijau, serealia, dan minyak nabati untuk balita malnutrisi akut berat. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis data uji organoleptik, kandungan protein dan energi untuk menentukan formula RUTF berbentuk bar terpilih, menganalisis data tekstur (kekerasan), kandungan gizi (kadar air, abu, lemak, protein, karbohidrat, serat pangan, zat besi, kalsium dan profil asam amino), energi dan daya cerna protein dari RUTF berbentuk bar formula terpilih dibandingkan dengan standar produk RUTF, menganalisis data aktivitas air (aw) dari RUTF berbentuk bar formula terpilih dibandingkan dengan standar produk RUTF serta menganalisis kontribusi zat gizi per takaran saji terhadap AKG balita dan estimasi harga produk RUTF berbentuk bar formula terpilih.
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental di laboratorium menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial (RALF) dengan 2 faktor dan dua ulangan. Faktor tersebut terdiri dari faktor A (kombinasi penggunaan tepung kacang hijau dengan jenis serealia, tepung beras atau tepung jagung), dan faktor B ( jenis minyak nabati, minyak kelapa atau minyak kelapas sawit). Penentuan formula terpilih produk RUTF ditentukan berdasarkan pertimbangan hasil analisis statistik uji hedonik (atribut keseluruhan), uji rangking (atribut keseluruhan), kandungan protein dan energi dari semua formula. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik dari beberapa pertimbangan penentuan formula terpilih yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil bahwa formula A1B1 sebagai formula terpilih.
Hasil analisis tekstur (kekerasan) produk formula terpilih tergolong tidak keras dan dapat diberikan kepada balita malnutrisi akut berat. Formula A1B1 mengandung 522 kkal energi; 3,42% kadar air; 2,32% kadar abu; 13,57% protein; 28,89% lemak; 51,81% karbohidrat; dan 4,66% serat pangan. Kandungan zat besi pada formula A1B1 per 100 gram adalah sebesar 13,82 mg/100g dan kandungan kalsium sebesar 348,24 mg/100g. Kadar abu, protein, lemak, karbohidrat, energi, serat pangan, zat besi dan kalsium produk RUTF berbentuk bar formula terpilih telah memenuhi persyaratan standar produk RUTF biscuit/compress bar berdasarkan UNICEF (2019) dan juga memenuhi standar semua kandungan gizi kecuali kadar air produk RUTF berdasarkan WHO (2007).
Formula A1B1 memiliki asam amino pembatas yang rendah (metionin dan sistein) sebesar 36 dan masih belum memenuhi skor asam amino pembatas yang dianjurkan untuk produk RUTF. Formula A1B1 juga memiliki daya cerna protein yang tergolong tinggi yaitu sebesar 94,93%. Selain itu, nilai aktivitas air produk formula terpilih tergolong rendah yaitu sebesar 0,21 dan sudah memenuhi standar produk RUTF. Produk formula terpilih (A1B1) dapat memenuhi AKG balita usia 1-3 tahun sebesar 19% energi, 34% protein, 32% lemak, 12% karbohidrat dan serat pangan, 99% zat besi dan 27% kalsium sedangkan balita usia 4-5 tahun sebesar 19% energi, 27% protein, 29% lemak, 12% karbohidrat dan serat pangan, 69% zat besi, dan 17% kalsium. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, harga jual produk formula terpilih (A1B1) sebesar Rp 6 113,-.
Produk pada penelitian ini berpotensi dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai produk RUTF alternatif di Indonesia. Peningkatan penggunaan serealia, penambahan pangan sumber protein hewani atau whey protein concentrate, pengolahan dengan cara ekstrusi serta peningkatan kandungan lemak dianjurkan untuk meningkatkan kandungan gizi produk dan memenuhi persyaratan standar produk RUTF. Selain itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut terkait uji daya terima produk RUTF berbentuk bar kepada balita malnutrisi akut berat. Acute malnutrition is a nutritional problem due to lack of intake or quality of nutrients in relatively short period of time and is usually accompanied by pathological causes. According to Riskesdas data in 2018, 10,2% of children under five years had acute malnutrition (moderate acute malnutrition 6,7%, severe acute malnutrition 3,5%)(Ministry of Health 2018). Based on cut-off values for public health significance, problem of acute malnutrition in Indonesia still in the serious category. Children under five years who have severe acute malnutrition will be increase risk of mortality, morbidity and disability, more susceptibility to infectious diseases, decreased children psychomotor, and decreased cognitive abilities.
One of the solutions to overcome severe acute malnutrition is the provision of RUTF (Ready to use therapeutic food) that can increase nutrient intake and help recover severe acute malnutrition in children under five years. Several studies have shown that RUTF products have the potential to overcome the problem of severe acute malnutrition in children under five years because can increase the recovery of severe acute malnutrition problems without complications from 25-50% to 80-90% (Ciliberto et al. 2005 dan Linneman et al. 2007).
Mungbean contain high protein and relatively high minerals (Yi-Shen et al. 2018), can reduce the incidence of flatulence (Dahiya et al. 2014), hypoallergic, and do not cause side effects such as diarrhea (Hou et al. 2019). The combination of the use of legumes and cereals has complementary properties of the amino acid profile. In this study, mungbean were combined with rice and corn. Rice has a high carbohydrate, contains protein, fat, iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamins B1, B2, and B3, and is easy to digest (Rohman et al. 2014, Wu et al. 2015). Corn is a food source of carbohydrates, contains fat, protein, Fe, Zn, Ca, vitamins A, C, E, K, and B complex. The corn used is yellow corn because contains beta-carotene or provitamin A (Budiarti et al. 2017). Coconut oil has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties (Vala and Kapidya 2014), and contains high lauric acid which is easily absorbed and digested by the body and does not burden the gastointestinal tract (Mikolajczak 2017). Palm oil has a high energy, contains vitamin E and vitamin A precursors (Boetang et al. 2016). Therefore, based on the potential of these foodstuffs, researchers were interested in developing RUTF products in the form of bar.
In general, this study aims to develop and analyze Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) products in the form of bar made from mungbean, cereals, and vegetable oils for severe acute malnutrition children under five years. Specifically, this study aims to analyze organoleptic test, protein and energy content data to determine the selected RUTF Bar formula, analyze texture (hardness) data, nutritional content (moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, iron, calcium and amino acid profile), energy and protein digestibility of the selected RUTF bar formula compared to the standard RUTF product, analyze the water activity (aw) data of the selected RUTF bar formula compared to the standard RUTF product and analyze the contribution of nutrients per serving size to the RDA for children under five years and the estimated price product of the selected RUTF bar formula.
This study used an experimental design in the laboratory using a completely randomized factorial design (RALF) with two factor and two replication. The factors consisted of factor A (the combination of the use of mungbean flour with the type of cereal, rice flour or corn flour), and factor B (the type of vegetable oil, coconut oil or palm oil). The determination of the selected formula for the RUTF product was determined based on considerations of the results of statistical analysis of hedonic test (overall attributes), ranking test (overall attributes), protein and energy content of all formulas. Based on the results of statistical analysis from several considerations to determine the selected formula, the result shows that the A1B1 formula was the chosen formula.
The result of texture analysis (hardness) selected formula product are classified as not hard and can be given to children under five years who have severe acute malnutrition. The A1B1 formula contains 522 kcal energy; 3,42% moisture content; 2,32% ash content; 13,57% protein; 28,89% fat; 51,81% carbohydrate; and 4,66% dietary fiber. The iron content in the A1B1 formula per 100 grams was 13,82 mg/100g and the calcium content was 348,24 mg/100g. The ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, dietary fiber, iron and calcium content of the selected formula has fulfilled the standard requirements for nutritional content of RUTF biscuit/compress bar product based on UNICEF (2019) and also has fulfilled the standard requirements for nutritional content except for the moisture content of RUTF product based on WHO (2007).
The A1B1 formula had a low limiting amino acid score (methionine and cysteine), which was 36 and still does not fulfilled the recommended limiting amino acid score for RUTF products. Formula A1B1 also has a relatively high protein digestibility, which was 94,93%. In addition, the water activity value of the selected formula product had low water activity which was 0,21 and has fulfilled standar RUTF product. The selected formula product (A1B1) per serving size (50 grams) had fulfilled the RDA for children aged 1-3 years by 19% energy, 34% protein, 32% fat, 12% carbohydrates and dietary fiber, 99% iron and 27% calcium, while toddlers aged 4-5 years 19% energy, 27% protein, 29% fat, 12% carbohydrates and dietary fiber, 69% iron, and 17% calcium. Based on calculation, the selling price of the selected formula product (A1B1) per serving size was IDR 6 113, -.
The product in this study has the potential to be further developed as an alternative RUTF product in Indonesia. Increasing the use of cereals, addition of food sources of animal protein or whey protein concentrates, processing by extrusion, and increasing fat content are recommended to increase the nutritional content of products and fulfilled the standard requirements of RUTF products. In addition, further research is needed related to the acceptability test of RUTF bar products for children under five years who have severe acute malnutrition.
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- MT - Human Ecology [2236]