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      Peningkatan Kandungan Serat Pangan Larut Tepung Ampas Tahu dan Kajian Sifat Fisikokimianya sebagai Bahan Baku Pangan

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      Date
      2021-09-17
      Author
      Aristyarini, Rizki
      Yasni, Sedarnawati
      Syamsir, Elvira
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      Abstract
      Tepung ampas tahu sebagian besar terdiri dari serat pangan tidak larut (insoluble dietary fiber, IDF), namun belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal sebagai bahan pangan. IDF cenderung lebih sulit digunakan sebagai ingredient dibandingkan serat pangan larut (soluble dietary fiber, SDF) sehingga diperlukan upaya meningkatkan kadar SDF tepung ampas tahu agar dapat diaplikasikan pada pangan olahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi peningkatan serat pangan larut tepung ampas tahu, menganalisis sifat fisikokimia tepung ampas tahu menggunakan retort dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu berbeda, serta menentukan perlakuan terpilih berdasarkan profil serat pangannya. Peningkatan SDF dilakukan dengan teknik heat moisture treatment (HMT) menggunakan retort pada suhu 110℃ dan 121℃, dengan variasi waktu 20, 30, dan 40 menit. Parameter kimia yang dievaluasi adalah komposisi kandungan gizi (proksimat) dan profil serat pangan, sedangkan parameter fisik yang dievaluasi adalah jumlah rendemen, daya serap air, kelarutan, daya mengembang, karakteristik pasta, daya serap minyak, aktivitas dan stabilitas emulsi, serta indeks derajat putih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan tepung ampas tahu didominasi oleh total serat pangan (total dietary fiber, TDF) sebesar 79,45%bk (terdiri dari IDF 66,8%bk, dan SDF 12,66%bk). Perlakuan pemanasan bertekanan menggunakan retort secara signifikan dapat menghasilkan kadar SDF tertinggi pada pemanasan 110℃ selama 40 menit (14,48%bk) dan 121℃ selama 30 menit (14,08%bk). Rasio SDF dan TDF tertinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan pemanasan 110℃ selama 40 menit (18,08%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suhu pemanasan berpengaruh nyata (p < 0,05) terhadap perubahan TDF, IDF, SDF, daya serap air, kelarutan, daya mengembang, viskositas maksimal, viskositas breakdown, aktivitas emulsi, dan indeks derajat putih. Waktu pemanasan berpengaruh nyata berpengaruh nyata (p < 0,05) terhadap perubahan IDF, SDF, viskositas akhir, stabilitas emulsi, dan indeks derajat putih, sedangkan interaksi antara suhu dan waktu pemanasan berpengaruh nyata (p < 0,05) terhadap perubahan TDF, IDF, SDF, viskositas breakdown, viskositas akhir, dan aktivitas emulsi. Perlakuan terpilih adalah perlakuan pemanasan 110℃ selama 40 menit dan 121℃ selama 30 menit yang masing-masing menghasilkan SDF tertinggi dan IDF terendah. Profil serat pada perlakuan terpilih tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan tepung kontrol, sedangkan daya serap air, daya mengembang, viskositas maksimal, viskositas setback, viskositas akhir, aktivitas emulsi, stabilitas emulsi, dan indeks derajat putih menghasilkan penurunan yang berbeda signifikan dibandingkan tepung kontrol. Karakteristik sifat fisikokimia pada perlakuan terpilih dapat digunakan pada pengembangan produk bakery, serta sebagai bahan pengisi (filler).
       
      Tofu dregs flour mostly consists of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), but it has not been used optimally as a food material. IDF tends to be more difficult to use as an ingredient than soluble dietary fiber (SDF). Efforts are needed to increase the SDF content of tofu dregs so that it can be applied to processed foods.This study aimed to analyze the the potential for increasing soluble dietary fiber in tofu dregs flour, analyze the physical properties of modified tofu dregs flour using the retort with different temperature and time treatments, and determine the selected treatment based on its dietary fiber profile. The process of increasing the SDF of tofu dregs flour was carried out by heat moisture treatment (HMT) technique using a retort at a temperature of 110℃ and 121℃, with time variations of 20, 30, and 40 minutes. The chemical parameters evaluated were the composition of the nutrient content (proximate) and dietary fiber, while the physical parameters evaluated were yield amount, water absorption capacity, solubility, swelling power, paste characteristics, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity and stability, and white degree index. The results showed that the content of tofu dregs flour was dominated by dietary fiber (total dietary fiber, TDF) of 79,45%db (consisting of IDF of 66,8%db, and SDF of 12,66%db). Pressure heating treatment using retort significantly produce the highest SDF content at heating at 110℃ for 40 minutes (14,48%db) and 121℃ for 30 minutes (14,08%db). The highest ratio of SDF and TDF was obtained at the heating treatment of 110℃ for 40 minutes (18,08%). The results of this study show that the heating temperature had significant effect (p < 0,05) on changes in TDF, IDF, SDF, water absorption capacity, solubility, swelling power, maximum viscocity, breakdown viscosity, emulsion activity, and white degree index. The heating time had a significant effect (p < 0,05) on changes in IDF, SDF, final viscosity, emulsion stability, and white degree index, while the interaction between temperature and heating time had significant effect (p < 0,05) on changes in TDF, IDF, SDF, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and emulsion activity. The selected treatment was heating treatment at 110℃ for 40 minutes and 121℃ for 30 minutes, each of which resulted in the highest SDF and the lowest IDF. The fiber profile of the selected treatment was not significantly different compared to control flour, while water absorption, swelling power, maximum viscosity, setback viscosity, final viscosity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability, and white degree index resulted significantly different reductions compared to control flour. The characteristics of the physicochemical properties of selected treatment can be used in the development of bakery products, as well as as a filler.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/109314
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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