Determinan Keberlanjutan Petani Swadaya dalam Rantai Pasok Kelapa Sawit di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Kalimantan Timur
Date
2021-07-08Author
Nashr, Fakhrizal
Putri, Eka Intan Kumala
Dharmawan, Arya Hadi
Fauzi, Akhmad
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Tren pasokan komoditas minyak sawit global telah menciptakan Multi-Tier Supply Chains (MSCs) yang panjang, kompleks, dan terfragmentasi. Meningkatnya permintaan global dan peraturan tata kelola kelapa sawit yang lemah merupakan pendorong ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia dengan 40% dari total produksi secara nasional disumbangkan dari Petani Sawit Mandiri. Sumber bahan pasok kelapa sawit yang tidak berkelanjutan, tren ekspansi budidaya kelapa sawit, deforestasi dan hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati seringkali diasosiasikan dengan kompleksitas persoalan rumit (wicked problems) rantai pasokan minyak sawit yang dihadapi langsung oleh Petani Sawit Mandiri (PSM). Penelitian ini menganalisis determinan faktor dan aktor dengan menggunakan MICMAC dan MACTOR, status keberlanjutan dari MSCs yang ada dengan penerapan diagnosis Rapfish dengan Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) dan strategi pelaku dengan menggunakan systems thinking dalam kaitannya dengan pabrik kelapa sawit, pemasok, dan PSM.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan determinan keberlanjutan rantai pasok kelapa sawit petani sawit swadaya, pedagang, koperasi, dan pabrik kelapa sawit adalah kesesuaian lahan. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan pelaku rantai pasok yang memiliki posisi salient adalah PSM-Koperasi-PKS-Pemerintah Desa untuk membangun visi bersama dengan Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten dalam Public Private Partnership (PPP).
Kondisi determinan dan para pelaku menghasilkan tipologi triadik MSCs di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur dan posisi enam dimensi keberlanjutan, yaitu ekonomi, sosial, ekologi, politik, dan institusi sebagai input untuk meningkatkan strategi regional perkebunan kelapa sawit berkelanjutan di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Temuan menunjukkan tipologi triadik tertutup di Desa Gunungsari dan Desa Pulau Pinang memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik pada empat dimensi keberlanjutan karena pabrik kelapa sawit dapat terhubung langsung dengan PSM dan dapat mengurangi informasi asimetris dan perilaku rent seeking melalui sistem ID lahan perusahaan dalam dimensi lingkungan. Tipologi triadik terbuka yang ditemukan di Desa Kutai Lama dan Desa Handil Terusan memperlihatkan persoalan ketidakberlanjutan sektor rantai pasok dan sektor publik. Di antara kedua tipologi tersebut, tipologi triadik transisional ditemukan di Desa Sabintulung dan Desa Handil Terusan. The global palm oil commodity supply trend has created a long, complex and fragmented multi-tier supply chains (MSCs). The increased global demand and weak governance regulations of palm oil are among the drivers of expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia with 40% of the total production nationally were contributed from the smallholder oil palm plantations. The wicked problem of unsustainable oil palm sourcing, the expansion trend of oil palm cultivation, deforestation and biodiversity loss are often associated with the impact of the palm oil supply chain faced directly by Independent Smallholder Oil Palm Farmers (SHFs). The objective of this dissertation is to analyze actors and factors that influence the sustainability of oil palm production and diagnostic the status of the existing Multi-Tier Supply Chain Management and the application of Rapfish diagnosis with Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) in the relation of oil palm mill, suppliers, and SHFs.
The results showed that the determinant of the sustainability of the palm oil supply chain for independent oil palm smallholders, traders, cooperatives and palm oil mills was land suitability. In addition, the study shows that supply chain actors who have a salient position are PSM-Cooperatives-PKS-Village Governments to build a shared vision with the District Plantation Office in a Public Private Partnership.
The results showed the triadic typologies of MSCs in Kutai Kartanegara District, East Kalimantan and the position of six dimensions of sustainability namely economic, social, ecology, politic, and institution as an input to improve the regional strategy for sustainable palm oil plantations in the East Kalimantan Province. The findings showed the closed triadic models in Gunungsari and Pulau Pinang Villages have better performances on four sustainability dimensions as the oil palm mills were able to connect directly with SHFs and to reduce asymmetric information and rent seeking behaviour through corporate land ID system in environmental dimension. The open triadic typology found in Kutai Lama Village and Handil Terusan Village showed the problem of unsustainability of the supply chain sector and the public sector. Among the two typologies, the transitional triadic typology can be found in Sabintulung Village and Handil Terusan Village.